Table 1
The risk of biochemical recurrence of limited and locally advanced prostate cancer [18]
| Definition | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Low-risk | Intermediate-risk | High-risk | |
| PSA < 10 ng/ml, GS < 7 (ISUP grade 1), cT1-2a | PSA 10–20 ng/ml, GS 7 (ISUP grade 2/3), cT2b | PSA > 20 ng/ml, GS > 7 (ISUP grade 4/5), cT2c | any PSA any GS (any ISUP grade) cT3-4 or cN+ |
| Localized | Locally advanced | ||
| GS– Gleason score; ISUP – International Society for Urological Pathology; PSA – prostate-specific antigen | |||
Table 2
The TNM classification of prostate cancer [19]
| The TNM classification |
|---|
| T - Primary tumor (stage based on DRE only) |
| TX - Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 - No evidence of primary tumor T1 - Clinically inapparent tumor that is not palpable T1a - Tumor incidental histological finding in 5% or less of tissue resected T1b - Tumor incidental histological finding in more than 5% of tissue resected T1c - Tumor identified by needle biopsy (because of elevated PSA) T2 - Tumor that is palpable and confined within the prostate T2a - Tumor involves one half of one lobe or less T2b - Tumor involves more than half of one lobe, but not both lobes T2c - Tumor involves both lobes T3 - Tumor extends through the prostatic capsule T3a - Extracapsular extension (unilateral or bilateral) T3b - Tumor invades seminal vesicles T4 - Tumor is fixed or invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles: external sphincter, rectum, levator muscles and/or pelvic wall |
| N - Regional Lymph Nodes |
| NX - Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed N0 - No regional lymph node metastasis N1 - Regional lymph node metastasis |
| M - Distant Metastasis |
| M0 - No distant metastasis M1 - Distant metastasis M1a - Non-regional lymph nodes M1b - Bones M1c - Other sites |
| DRE – digital rectal examination; PSA – prostate-specific antigen; TNM – tumor-node-metastasis |
Table 3
Matrix metalloproteinases and their substrates [26]
| Matrix metalloproteinases | Name | Substrates |
|---|---|---|
| MMP-1 | collagenase 1 | collagen type I, II, III, V, VII, VIII, X gelatine, entactin, aggrecan |
| MMP-2 | gelatinase A | collagen type I, IV, V, VII, X, XI, XIV, gelatine, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, aggrecan |
| MMP-3 | stromelysin 1, proteoglycanase | collagen type III, IV, V, IX, X, XI, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, aggrecan, gelatine, proMMP-1, -8, -9 |
| MMP-7 | matrilysin, metalloendopeptidase | collagen type IV, X, gelatine, laminin |
| MMP-8 | collagenase 2 | collagen type I, II, III, V, VII, VIII, X, proteoglycans, fibronectin |
| MMP-9 | gelatinase B | collagen type IV, V, VII, X, XIV, gelatine, aggrecan, elastin, entactin, fibronectin |
| MMP-10 | stromelysin 2 | collagen type III, IV, V, gelatine, casein, elastin, laminin, aggrecan, fibronectin |
| MMP-11 | stromelysin 3 | collagen type IV, fibronectin, laminin, aggrecan, casein, gelatine |
| MMP-12 | elastase, macrophage metaloelastase | collagen type IV, elastin, gelatine, fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin |
| MMP-13 | collagenase 3 | collagen type I, II, III |
| MMP-14 | MT1-MMP | collagen type III, gelatine, fibronectin, vitronectin, aggrecan, perlecan, laminin, tenascin |
| MMP-15 | MT2-MMP | aggrecan, perlecan, laminin, bronectin, tenascin, nidogen |
| MMP-16 | MT3-MMP | collagen type III, gelatine |
| MMP-17 | MT4-MMP | cytokines precursors |
| MMP-18 | collagenase 4 | collagen type I, II, III |
| MMP-20 | enamelysin | amelogenin |
| MMP-23 | CA-MMP | - |
| MMP-24 | MT5-MMP | proMMP-2, -13 |
| MMP-25 | MT6-MMP | proMMP-2 |
| MMP-26 | matrilysin, endometase | - |
Figure 1
Diagram of the tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer [74, modified]