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The role of matrix metalloproteinases in pathogenesis, diagnostics, and treatment of human prostate cancer

Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
Volume 77 (2023): Issue 1 (January 2023)
By:
Open Access
|Mar 2023

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Diagram of the tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer [74, modified]
Diagram of the tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer [74, modified]

The TNM classification of prostate cancer [19]

The TNM classification
T - Primary tumor (stage based on DRE only)
TX - Primary tumor cannot be assessedT0 - No evidence of primary tumorT1 - Clinically inapparent tumor that is not palpableT1a - Tumor incidental histological finding in 5% or less of tissue resectedT1b - Tumor incidental histological finding in more than 5% of tissue resectedT1c - Tumor identified by needle biopsy (because of elevated PSA)T2 - Tumor that is palpable and confined within the prostateT2a - Tumor involves one half of one lobe or lessT2b - Tumor involves more than half of one lobe, but not both lobesT2c - Tumor involves both lobesT3 - Tumor extends through the prostatic capsuleT3a - Extracapsular extension (unilateral or bilateral)T3b - Tumor invades seminal vesiclesT4 - Tumor is fixed or invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles: external sphincter, rectum, levator muscles and/or pelvic wall
N - Regional Lymph Nodes
NX - Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessedN0 - No regional lymph node metastasisN1 - Regional lymph node metastasis
M - Distant Metastasis
M0 - No distant metastasisM1 - Distant metastasisM1a - Non-regional lymph nodesM1b - BonesM1c - Other sites
DRE – digital rectal examination; PSA – prostate-specific antigen; TNM – tumor-node-metastasis

The risk of biochemical recurrence of limited and locally advanced prostate cancer [18]

Definition
Low-riskIntermediate-riskHigh-risk
PSA < 10 ng/ml, GS < 7 (ISUP grade 1), cT1-2aPSA 10–20 ng/ml, GS 7 (ISUP grade 2/3), cT2bPSA > 20 ng/ml, GS > 7 (ISUP grade 4/5), cT2cany PSAany GS (any ISUP grade)cT3-4 or cN+
LocalizedLocally advanced
GS– Gleason score; ISUP – International Society for Urological Pathology; PSA – prostate-specific antigen

Matrix metalloproteinases and their substrates [26]

Matrix metalloproteinasesNameSubstrates
MMP-1collagenase 1collagen type I, II, III, V, VII, VIII, X gelatine, entactin, aggrecan
MMP-2gelatinase Acollagen type I, IV, V, VII, X, XI, XIV, gelatine, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, aggrecan
MMP-3stromelysin 1, proteoglycanasecollagen type III, IV, V, IX, X, XI, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, aggrecan, gelatine, proMMP-1, -8, -9
MMP-7matrilysin, metalloendopeptidasecollagen type IV, X, gelatine, laminin
MMP-8collagenase 2collagen type I, II, III, V, VII, VIII, X, proteoglycans, fibronectin
MMP-9gelatinase Bcollagen type IV, V, VII, X, XIV, gelatine, aggrecan, elastin, entactin, fibronectin
MMP-10stromelysin 2collagen type III, IV, V, gelatine, casein, elastin, laminin, aggrecan, fibronectin
MMP-11stromelysin 3collagen type IV, fibronectin, laminin, aggrecan, casein, gelatine
MMP-12elastase, macrophage metaloelastasecollagen type IV, elastin, gelatine, fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin
MMP-13collagenase 3collagen type I, II, III
MMP-14MT1-MMPcollagen type III, gelatine, fibronectin, vitronectin, aggrecan, perlecan, laminin, tenascin
MMP-15MT2-MMPaggrecan, perlecan, laminin, bronectin, tenascin, nidogen
MMP-16MT3-MMPcollagen type III, gelatine
MMP-17MT4-MMPcytokines precursors
MMP-18collagenase 4collagen type I, II, III
MMP-20enamelysinamelogenin
MMP-23CA-MMP-
MMP-24MT5-MMPproMMP-2, -13
MMP-25MT6-MMPproMMP-2
MMP-26matrilysin, endometase-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2023-0002 | Journal eISSN: 1732-2693
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Language: English
Page range: 9 - 20
Submitted on: Feb 26, 2022
Accepted on: Nov 15, 2022
Published on: Mar 1, 2023
Published by: Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year
Keywords:
extracellular matrix,
matrix metalloproteinases,
prostatic neoplasms,
prostate-specific antigen,
prostatic hyperplasia
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Molecular biology,
Microbiology and virology,
Medicine,
Basic medical science,
Immunology

© 2023 Tomasz Wiśniowski, Jarosław Bryda, Sławomir Wątroba, published by Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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