Fig. 1
Mechanism of action of miRNA-based drugs in IBD. The left side demonstrates the molecular effect of altered miRNAs’ expression in IBD. The right side shows miRNA-based treatment response. miRNA–microRNA; TJs–tight junctions; IEB–intestinal epithelial barrier
Table 1
MiRNAs collected in this review with their targets, marked expression in IBD, and altered TJ proteins expression. The table was divided into in vivo and in vitro examined effects on TJ proteins expression induced by altered miRNA expression; miRNA–microRNA; ZO-1–Zonula occludens-1; CLDN–Claudin; JAM-A–junctional adhesion molecules A; AJ–adherent junction; CD–-Crohn's disease; UC–-ulcerative colitis; IBD–inflammatory bowel disease; PBMCs–peripheral blood mononuclear cells
| microRNA | Target mRNA | Expression in IBD | TJ proteins expression associated with miRNA-induced effect | Author/year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vivo observed effects | ||||
| miRNA-124a | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) | Overexpression in CD tissue | ZO-1 ↓, OCLN ↓, JAM-A ↓, CLDN1 ↓ | Zhao et al., 2020 [58] |
| miRNA-31-5p | Activin receptor-like type 1 (ALK1) | Overexpression in CD tissue | CLDN8 ↓, TJP1 ↓, OCLN ↓ | Toyonaga et al., 2020 [39] |
| miRNA-301A | B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) | Overexpression in PBMCs and tissue in IBD | E-cadherin (AJ) ↓ | He et al., 2017 [86] |
| miRNA-200b | Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and c-JUN | Decreased in IBD tissue | ZO-1 ↓, OCLN ↓ | Shen et al., 2017 [64] |
| miRNA-21 | Claudin 8 (CLDN8) | Overexpression in CD tissue | CLDN8 ↓ | Li et al., 2018 [71] |
| miRNA-200c-3p | Occludin (OCLN) | Overexpression in UC tissue | OCLN ↓ | Rawat et al., 2020 [81] |
| miRNA-495 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) | Decreased in UC tissue | CLDN1 ↓ | Chu et al., 2018 [90] |
| miRNA-122a | Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) | Overexpression in IBD tissue | CLDN1 ↓, OCLN ↓, Zonulin ↑ | Zhang et al., 2017 [92] |
| miRNA-320a | Protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) and Cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) | Overexpression in serum of active CD | JAM-A ↑ | Cordes et al., 2016 [106] |
| miRNA-423-5p | CLDN5 | Overexpression in UC tissue | CLDN5 ↓ | Wang et al., 2020 [77] |
| In vitro observed effects | ||||
| miRNA-185-3p | Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) | Decreased in IBD tissue | ZO-1 ↓, OCLN ↓ | Ma et al., 2019 [63] |
| miRNA-23a | Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor protein 3 (TNFAIP3) | Overexpression in CD tissue | OCLN destabilization | Felwick et al., 2020 [33] |
| miRNA-675-5p | Vitamin D receptor (VDR) | Overexpression in UC tissue | ZO-1 ↓, OCLN ↓ | Chen et al., 2016 [52] |
| miRNA-375 | Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) | Decreased in IBD tissue | ZO-1 ↓, OCLN ↓ | Wu et al., 2019 [98] |
| miRNA-223 | Claudin 8 (CLDN8) | Overexpression in IBD tissue | CLDN8 ↓ | Wang et al., 2016 [68] |