Morphological and Phytochemical Assessment of Six Fennel Genotypes from Different Origins Using GC-MS Profiling

Faiz Tahseen Fadhel Alkhamisi; Ayoob Obaid Alfalahi; Mohammed Hamdan Al-Issawi; Mohammed Abdulgafor Mohammed; Ali Fadaam Almehemdi; Kutaiba Farhan Dawood; Omar Mahmood Dhanoon; Mehdi Rahimi

doi:10.2478/agri-2025-0015

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Morphological and Phytochemical Assessment of Six Fennel Genotypes from Different Origins Using GC-MS Profiling

Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)

Volume 71 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)

By: Faiz Tahseen Fadhel Alkhamisi, Ayoob Obaid Alfalahi, Mohammed Hamdan Al-Issawi, Mohammed Abdulgafor Mohammed, Ali Fadaam Almehemdi, Kutaiba Farhan Dawood, Omar Mahmood Dhanoon and Mehdi Rahimi

Open Access

|Jun 2026

Abstract

This field experiment evaluated six fennel genotypes from different geographical locations (Jordan, Germany, Italy, Pakistan, and Iraq) for their agronomic performance and chemical profiles using GC-MS with alcoholic and aqueous extraction methods. Significant variation was observed in most agronomic attributes except branch number per plant. The Hannan genotype excelled in seed weight (10.90 g) and total yield (279.20 g/m²), making it ideal for commercial use, while the Amigo genotype was superior in umbel yield (48.22 umbel/plant). Chemical profiles showed considerable variation due to genetic background and extraction methods, with aqueous extracts containing more polar compounds and methanolic extracts containing more non-polar compounds such as terpenoids and esters. The Di Firenze genotype had the highest number of compounds (32) in its methanolic extract, while the Amigo genotype had the fewest compounds. Cluster analysis revealed high genetic variability between genotypes, especially with methanolic extraction, indicating the role of genetic diversity in metabolite variation. The findings suggest the Hannan genotype is suitable for seed production and the Amigo for umbel production. Further research is needed to explore genotype stability across environments and to investigate genetic mechanisms underlying metabolite biosynthesis.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2025-0015 | Journal eISSN: 1338-4376 | Journal ISSN: 0551-3677

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Language: English

Page range: 176 - 186

Submitted on: Nov 22, 2025

Accepted on: Mar 18, 2026

Published on: Jun 6, 2026

Published by: National Agricultural and Food Centre

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

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Related subjects:

Ecology,

© 2026 Faiz Tahseen Fadhel Alkhamisi, Ayoob Obaid Alfalahi, Mohammed Hamdan Al-Issawi, Mohammed Abdulgafor Mohammed, Ali Fadaam Almehemdi, Kutaiba Farhan Dawood, Omar Mahmood Dhanoon, Mehdi Rahimi, published by National Agricultural and Food Centre
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 71 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)