Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Examined Mentha spicata samples from Iran: codes, locations, and GPS coordinates
| Sample | Location | Coordinates (latitude/longitude) | Altitude (m) | Avg high/low °C (August) | Humidity (%) | Location description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | Sonqor (Kermanshah) | 34.78 N/47.60 E | ∼1,450 m | ∼36°C/∼21°C | 35%–45% | Semi-arid climate with warm summers and cold winters; collected on 05.08.2024 |
| S2 | Mashhad (Razavi Khorasan) | 36.30 N/59.61 E | ∼1,000 m | ∼34°C/∼20°C | 25%–35% | Temperate-dry, moderate humidity; collected on 12.08.2024 |
| S3 | Ilam (Ilam Province) | 33.64 N/46.42 E | ∼1,350 m | ∼33°C/∼20°C | 30%–40% | Semi-humid mountainous western area with mild summers, collected on 07.08.2024 |
| S4 | Shaft (Gilan Province) | 37.17 N/49.40 E | ∼80 m | ∼30°C/∼24°C | 70%–85% | Humid Caspian (subtropical) high annual rainfall, collected on 15.08.2024 |
| S5 | Kermanshah (Kermanshah Province) | 34.33 N/47.10 E | ∼1,320 m | ∼36°C/∼21°C | 30%–40% | Semi-arid moderate continental climate, fertile soils, collected on 06.08.2024 |
| S6 | Sangar (Gilan Province) | 37.18 N/49.70 E | ∼50 m | ∼30°C/∼24°C | 75%–90% | Coastal plain, humid subtropical climate, collected on 21.08.2024 |
| S7 | Iranshahr (Sistan–Baluchestan) | 27.20 N/60.69 E | ∼600 m | ∼41°C/∼29°C | 15%–25% | Hot-arid desert climate with strong sunlight and minimal rainfall; collected on 25.08.2024 |
| S8 | Langrood (Gilan Province) | 37.20 N/50.15 E | ∼5 m | ∼30°C/∼25°C | 75%–90% | Very humid coastal near the Caspian Sea, mild temperatures; collected on 01.09.2024 |
Essential oil yields of Mentha samples collected from different regions of Iran
| Sample | Location | Plant material (g) | EO volume (mL) | EO yield (% v/w) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S 1 | Sonqur, Kermanshah | 10 | 0.10 | 1.0 |
| S 2 | Mashhad | 10 | 0.06 | 0.6 |
| S 3 | Ilam | 10 | 0.03 | 0.3 |
| S 4 | Shaft, Gilan | 10 | 0.04 | 0.4 |
| S 5 | Kermanshah | 10 | 0.03 | 0.3 |
| S 6 | Sangar, Gilan | 10 | 0.08 | 0.8 |
| S 7 | Iranshahr, Sistan, and Baluchistan | 5 | 0.08 | 1.6 |
| S 8 | Langrood, Gilan | 5 | 0.06 | 1.2 |
Major compounds (above 0_5 %) of the essential oil of different Iranian spearmints
| Compound (%) * | RT (min) | S 1 | S 2 | S 3 | S 4 | S 5 | S 6 | S 7 | S 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-pinene | 4.2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1 | |
| Camphene | 5 | 0.8 | |||||||
| β-pinene | 5.9 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.3 | |
| β-phellandrene | 6.2 | 1.4 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.8 | ||
| β-myrcene | 7.3 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1 | 1.3 | 0.7 | ||
| D-limonene | 8 | 17.1 | 8.1 | 23.1 | 12.0 | 28.7 | 25.9 | 21.3 | 34.2 |
| 1,8-cineole | 8.2 | 13.6 | 4.4 | 7 | 66.8 | 7.3 | 4.6 | ||
| Trans-β-ocimene | 9 | 1.7 | |||||||
| β-ocimene | 9.4 | 0.6 | |||||||
| p-cymene | 9.8 | 1 | |||||||
| 3-octanol | 13.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.8 | |||||
| 1-menthone | 15.2 | 0.7 | |||||||
| Isomenthone | 16 | 1.3 | |||||||
| β-bourbonene | 16.7 | 0.5 | |||||||
| Caryophyllene | 18.9 | 1.2 | 2 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.2 | |||
| Dihydrocarvone | 19.4 | 1.2 | 4.3 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.4 | ||
| Pulegone | 20.5 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 4.6 | |||||
| Dihydrocarveol acetate | 21.3 | 0.7 | |||||||
| Dihydrocarvyl acetate | 21.3 | 1 | |||||||
| D-germacrene | 22.1 | 3 | |||||||
| Isoborneol | 22.1 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 2.3 | |||||
| Endo-borneol | 22.1 | 2.8 | |||||||
| Isogermacrene D | 22.1 | 0.9 | |||||||
| α-terpineol | 22.2 | 0.8 | |||||||
| Piperitone oxide | 22.3 | 3.2 | |||||||
| Carvone | 23 | 58.4 | 29.9 | 49.6 | 21.2 | 56.8 | 64.7 | 62.3 | 50.8 |
| Dihydrocarveol | 23.5 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 2.4 | |||||
| Cis-carvone oxide | 25.7 | 0.7 | |||||||
| p-mentha-1,8-dien-3-one | 25.7 | 1.3 | |||||||
| Trans-carveol | 25.8 | 0.5 | |||||||
| Carveol | 26.6 | 1.2 | |||||||
| p-menthane-1,2,3-triol | 27.6 | 2.7 | |||||||
| Piperitenone | 27.8 | 4.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.90 | ||||
| Carvone oxide (low resolution) | 28.9 | 25.7 | |||||||
| Unidentified | 30.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 | ||||||
| Total identified (%) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.8 | 100.0 | 99.9 |