References
- Afshar, R. K., Chaichi, M. R., Alipour, A., Jovini, M. A., Dashtaki, M., & Hashemi, M. (2015). Potential of milk thistle for biomass production in semiarid regions. Crop Science, 55(3), 1,295–1,301.
- Afshar, R. K., Chaichi, M. R., Assareh, M. H., Hashemi, M., & Liaghat, A. (2014). Interactive effect of deficit irrigation and soil organic amendments on seed yield and flavonolignan production of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.). Industrial Crops and Products, 58, 166–172.
- Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Azam, A., & Khan, M. A. (2014). The optimization of biodiesel production from a novel source of wild non-edible oil yielding plant Silybum marianum. International Journal of Green Energy, 11(6), 589–594.
- Alemardan, A., Karkanis, A., & Salehi, R. (2013). Breeding objectives and selection criteria for milk thistle [silybum marianum (L.) gaertn.] improvement. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(2), 340–347.
- Andrzejewska, J., Ignaczak, S., & Martinelli, T. (2017). Effect of seed material preparation on plant emergence and yield of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) gaertn.) in a moderate climate. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, 16(2), 139–148.
- Andrzejewska, J., Martinelli, T., & Sadowska, K. (2015). Silybum marianum: Non-medical exploitation of the species (Review). Annals of Applied Biology, 167(3), 285–297.
- Andrzejewska, J., Sadowska, K., & Mielcarek, S. (2011). Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) grown on light soil in a moderate climate. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2), 462–468.
- Arampatzis, D. A., Karkanis, A. C., & Tsiropoulos, N. G. (2019). Impact of plant density and mepiquat chloride on growth, yield, and silymarin content of silybum marianum grown under mediterranean semi-arid conditions. Agronomy, 9(11), Article number 669.
- Bielski, S. (2021). Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) achene yield had a positive response to nitrogen fertilization, row spacing, sowing date, and weed control methods. Industrial Crops and Products, 160, Article number 113104
- Carrier, D. J., Crowe, T., Sokhansanj, S., Wahab, J., & Barl, B. (2003). Milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., flower head development and associated marker compound profile. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 10(1), 65–74.
- Cwalina-Ambroziak, B., Wierzbowska, J., Damszel, M., & Bowszys, T. (2012). The effect of mineral fertilization on achenes yield and fungal communities isolated from the stems of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, 11(4), 157–168.
- Estaji, A., Souri, M. K., & Omidbaigi, R. (2016). Evaluation of nitrogen and flower pruning effects on growth, seed yield and active substances of milk thistle. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 19(3), 678–685.
- Geneva, M., Zehirov, G., Stancheva, I., Iliev, L., & Georgiev, G. (2008). Effect of soil fertilizer, foliar fertilizer, and growth regulator application on milk thistle development, seed yield, and silymarin content. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 39(1–2), 17–24.
- Ghavami, N. & Ramin, A. A. (2008). Grain yield and active substances of milk thistle as affected by soil Salinity. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 39(17–18), 2,608–2,618.
- Giuliani, C., Tani, C., Maleci Bini, L., Fico, G., Colombo, R., & Martinelli, T. (2018). Localization of phenolic compounds in the fruits of Silybum marianum characterized by different silymarin chemotype and altered colour. Fitoterapia, 130, 210–218.
- Gresta, F., Avola, G., & Guarnaccia, P. (2006). Agronomic characterization of some spontaneous genotypes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) in Mediterranean environment. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 12(4), 51–60.
- Habán, M., Luščáková, D., Macák, M., & Ražná, K. (2016). The impact of multifunctional crop rotation on the yield of milk thistle fruits in the years 2012–2015. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 17(4), 1,096–1,103.
- Habán, M., Otepka, P., Kobida, L., & Habánová, M. (2009). Production and quality of milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) cultivated in cultural conditions of warm agri-climatic macroregion. Horticultural Science, 36(2), 25–30.
- Hammami, H., Saadatian, B., & Hossein, S. A. (2020). Geographical variation in seed germination and biochemical response of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) ecotypes exposed to osmotic and salinity stresses. Industrial Crops and Products, 152, Article number 112507
- Hammouda, F. M., Ismail, S. I., Hassan, N. M., Zaki, A. K., Kamel, A., & Rimpler, H. (1993). Evaluation of the silymarin content in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Cultivated agricultural conditions under different. Phytotherapy Research, 7(1), 90–91.
- Jahan, N., Khalil-ur-Rahmanb, Basra, S. M. A., Sajid, S., & Afzal, I. (2016). Seed enhancement of Silybum marianum and optimization of silymarin extraction. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 18(2), 464–470.
- Karkanis, A., Bilalis, D., & Efthimiadou, A. (2011). Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed (Review). Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), 825–830.
- Keshavarz Afshar, R., Chaichi, M. R., Rezaei, K., Asareh, M. H., Karimi, M., & Hashemi, M. (2015). Irrigation regime and organic fertilizers influence on oil content and fatty acid composition of milk thistle seeds. Agronomy Journal, 107(1), 187–194.
- Martinelli, T. (2020). Plant morphology, vegetative biomass composition and energy content of three different Silybum marianum accessions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, 19(6), 71–78.
- Mosavikia, A. A., Mosavi, S. G., Seghatoleslami, M., & Baradaran, R. (2020). Chitosan nanoparticle and pyridoxine seed priming improves tolerance to salinity in milk thistle seedling [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.]. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 48(1), 221–233.
- Naeeni, F. N., Moghadam, A. R. L., Moradi, P., Rezaei, M., & Abdoosi, V. (2018). Quantitative and qualitative response of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum) to application of humic acid and mycorrhizal fungi. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 50(4), 1,615–1,620.
- Omer, E. A., Refaat, A. M., Ahmed, S. S., Kamel, A., & Hammouda, F. M. 1993. Effect of spacing and fertilization on the yield and active constituents of milk thistle, silybum marianum. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 1(4), 17–23.
- Omidbaigi, R., Karimzadeh, G., & Koshki, M. H. (2003). A study on the influence of sowing date and plant density on the productivity of Silybum marianum and the characteristics correlation. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction B: Technology, 27(1), 203–212.
- Qavami, N., Naghdi Badi, H., Labbafi, M. R., & Mehrafarin, A. (2013). A review on pharmacological, cultivation and biotechnology aspects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) (Review). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 12(47), 19–37.
- Rahimi, A. & Kamali, M. (2012). Different planting date and fertilizing system effects on the seed yield, essential oil and nutrition uptake of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn). Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(5), 1,789–1,796.
- Rosińska, A., Dorna, H., Szopińska, D., Irzykowska, L., & Seidler Lykowska, K. (2018). Evaluation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seed germination in relation to seed health and seedling emergence. Herba Polonica, Vol. 64(3), 1–10.
- Safikhan, S., Khoshbakht, K., Chaichi, M. R., & Amini, A., Motesharezadeh, B. (2018). Role of chitosan on the growth, physiological parameters and enzymatic activity of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) in a pot experiment. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 10, 49–58.
- Školníková, M., Škarpa, P., & Ryant, P. (2019). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of milk thistle [silybum marianum L. (gaertn.)] achenes. Journal of Elementology, 24(2), 701–710.
- Tsiaousi, A., Vasilakoglou, I., Gravalos, I., & Koutroubas, S. D. (2019). Comparison of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) productivity for energy biomass under weedy and weedfree conditions. European Journal of Agronomy, 110, Article number 125924
- Vaknin, Y., Hadas, R., Schafferman, D., Murkhovsky, L., & Bashan, N. (2008). The potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), an Israeli native, as a source of edible sprouts rich in antioxidants. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 59(4), 339–346.
- Yaldiz, G. (2017). Effects of potassium sulfate [K2SO4] on the element contents, polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of milk thistle [Silybum marianum]. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13(49), 102–107.
- Zheljazkov, V. D., Zhalnov, I., & Nedkov, N. K. (2006). Herbicides for weed control in blessed thistle (Silybum marianum). Weed Technology, 20(4) 1,030–1,034.
- Wierzbowska, J. (2013). Effect of fertilization on the content of macronutrients in fruits of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum L. Gaertn.). Journal of Elementology, 18(4), 723–732.