References
- ADA. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2021 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clinical Diabetes. 2021;39:14–43.
- ADA. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S73–S85
- Almeda-Valdes P, Cuevas-Ramos D, Mehta R, Gomez-Perez FJ, Aguilar-Salinas CA. UKPDS Risk Engine, decode and diabetes PHD models for the estimation of cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2010;6:1–8.
- Bell, D. Diabetes therapy and cardiac risk. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2015;82(3):140
- Bittencourt MS & Hajjar LA. Insulin therapy in insulin resistance: Could it be part of a lethal pathway? Atherosclerosis. 2015;240(2):400–401
- Campesi I, Franconi F, Seghieri G, Meloni M.. Sex-gender-related therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes. Pharmacological Research. 2017:119:195–207
- Control Group, Turnbull FM, Abraira C, Anderson RJ, Byington RP, Chalmers JP, et al. Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52:2288–98
- Currie CJ & Johnson JA.. The safety profile of exogenous insulin in people with type 2 diabetes: Justification for concern. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2012:14(1):1–4
- Davidson JA. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: Overview of current evidence. Postgraduate Medicine, 2019;131(4):251–260
- Davies MJ, D’Alessio DA, Fradkin J, Kernan WN, Mathieu C, Mingrone G, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2018;41:2669–701
- European Medicines Agency.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en - Fadini GP., Bonora BM, Avogaro A. SGLT2 inhibitors and diabetic ketoacidosis: Data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Diabetologia, 2017;60(8):1385–1389
- Fei Y, Tsoi MF, Cheung BMY. Cardiovascular outcomes in trials of new antidiabetic drug classes: A network meta-analysis. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2019:18(1):112
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014;129:e28–292
- Herman ME, O’Keefe JH, Bell DSH, Schwartz SS.. Insulin Therapy Increases Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2017:60(3):422–434
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2017.09.001 - Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HAW. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577–89.
- Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2012;55:1577–96.
- Johnsson KM, Ptaszynska A, Schmitz B, Sugg J, Parikh SJ, List JF. Vulvovaginitis and balanitis in patients with diabetes treated with dapagliflozin. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications. 2013;27(5):479–484
- Kashiwagi A, Maegawa H. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on cardiorenal protection in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Investigation. 2017;8(4):416–427
- Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Abrahamian H, Weitgasser R, Fasching P, Hoppichler F, et al. Sex and gender-specific aspects in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus-clinical recommendations. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2019;131:221–8.
- Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J. Sex and gender differences in therapy of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2017;131:230–241
- Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G. Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrine Reviews. 2016;37(3):278–316
- Kautzky-Willer A, von Euler M, Oertelt-Prigione S. Editorial: Sex and Gender Aspects in Diabetes. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2019;10:813
- Kavaric N, Klisic A, Ninic A. Cardiovascular Risk Estimated by UKPDS Risk Engine Algorithm in Diabetes. Open Med (Wars). 2018;13:610–7.
- Kothari V, Stevens RJ, Adler AI, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Neil HA, et al. UKPDS 60: risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes estimated by the UK Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine. Stroke. 2002;33:1776–81.
- Martín-Timón I, Sevillano-Collantes C, Segura-Galindo A, del Cañizo-Gómez FJ. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Have all risk factors the same strength? World J Diabetes. 2014;5:444–70.
- Palmer SC, Tendal B, Mustafa RA, et. al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 2021;372:m4573
- Rabizadeh S, Nakhjavani M, Esteghamati A. Cardiovascular and Renal Benefits of SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Narrative Review. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2019;17.
- Riddle MC, Ambrosius WT, Brillon DJ et al. (ACCORD) Epidemiologic Relationships Between A1C and All-Cause Mortality During a Median 3.4-Year Follow-up of Glycemic Treatment in the ACCORD Trial. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(5):983–990
- Santilli F, D’Ardes D, Guagnano MT, Davi G. Metabolic Syndrome: Sex-Related Cardiovascular Risk and Therapeutic Approach. Curr Med Chem. 2017;24:2602–27.
- Savarese G, Perrone-Filardi P, D’Amore C, Vitale C, Trimarco B, Pani L, et al. Cardiovascular effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology. 2015;181:239–44.
- Seghieri G, Policardo L, Anichini R, Franconi F, Campesi I, Cherchi S, Tonolo G. The Effect of Sex and Gender on Diabetic Complications. Current Diabetes Reviews. 2017;13(2):148–160
- Scheen AJ. Cardiovascular Effects of New Oral Glucose-Lowering Agents. Circulation Research. 2018;122(10): 1439–1459
- Stevens RJ, Kothari V, Adler AI, Stratton IM, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. The UKPDS risk engine: a model for the risk of coronary heart disease in Type II diabetes (UKPDS 56). Clin Sci (Lond). 2001;101:671–9.
- UKPDS group. (1998). Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). The Lancet. 352(9131):854–865
- UKPDS. UKPDS Risk Engine: Overview
https://www.dtu.ox.ac.uk/riskengine/ - Vallon V, Thomson SC. Targeting renal glucose reabsorption to treat hyperglycaemia: The pleiotropic effects of SGLT2 inhibition. Diabetologia. 2017;60(2):215–225
- Wang H, Ba Y, Cai R-C, Xing Q. Association between diabetes mellitus and the risk for major cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in women compared with men: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e024935.
- Xu J, Rajaratnam R. Cardiovascular safety of non-insulin pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2017;16:18.
- Yang L, Fish AF, Zhu Y, Yuan X, Li J, Wang X, et al. Sex differences in 10-year ischemic cardiovascular disease risk prediction in Chinese patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2019;19:301.
- Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, Im K, Goodrich EL, Bonaca MP, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2019;393:31–9.
- Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis D, Oliver N, Meeran K. Association Between Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Agonists, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors With All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018;319(15):1580–1591
- Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373:2117–28