Target-Controlled Infusion of Propofol Induces Significant Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Dogs Undergoing Elective Orchiectomy
By: Francini Arboit, Jean Carlos Gasparotto, Luiza Tonietto Mangini, Lisiane Saremba Vieira, Gabriel Satoru Ohashi, Júlia Odorissi Oliveira, Leonardo Bergmann Griebeler, Andressa Rodrigues De Souza, Rúbia Schallenberger Da Silva, Emilie Victoria Oberbeck, Cinthia Melazzo De Andrade, Gabrielle Coelho Freitas, Beatriz Perez Floriano and André Vasconcelos Soares
References
- Murillo C, Weil AB, Moore GE, Taylor PM, Smith LJ: Electroencephalographic and cardiovascular changes associated with propofol constant rate infusion anesthesia in young healthy dogs. Animals 2023, 13(4):664.
- Sarotti D, Franci P, Oricco S, Rossi F, Di Bella C: Comparison of hemodynamic effects of propofol or alfaxalone during induction in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024, 11:1442670.
- Raffe MR: Total intravenous anesthesia for the small animal critical patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020, 50(6):1433-1444.
- Sahinovic MM, Struys MMRF, Absalom AR: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018, 57:1539-1558.
- Husna M, Munawiroh SZ, Ekawati RP, Putri DA, Rahman A: Systematic review of the stability and compatibility of propofol injection. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2021, 53(1):79-88.
- Rudolph U, Antkowiak B: Molecular and neuronal substrates for general anaesthetics. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004, 5(9):709-720.
- Li Y, Wu Y, Li R, Zhang X, Chen J: Propofol regulates the surface expression of GABAA receptors: implications in synaptic inhibition. Anesth Analg 2015, 121(5):1176-1183.
- Orser BA, Bertlik M, Wang LY, MacDonald JF: Inhibition by propofol of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor in cultured hippocampal neurones. Br J Pharmacol 1995, 116(2):1761-1768.
- Qiu Q, Sun L, Wang XM, Li Y, Zhang H: Propofol produces preventive analgesia via GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Mol Pain 2017, 13:1744806917737462.
- Bowdle A, Richebe P, Lee L, Rostomily R, Gabikian P: Hypertriglyceridemia, lipemia, and elevated liver enzymes associated with prolonged propofol anesthesia for craniotomy. Ther Drug Monit 2014, 36(5):556-559.
- Kenes MT, McSparron JI, Marshall VD, Renius K, Hyzy RC: Propofol-associated hypertriglyceridemia in coronavirus disease 2019 versus noncoronavirus disease 2019 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Explor 2020, 2(12):e0303.
- Moskowitz A, Puskarich MA, Pierce A: Triglyceride concentrations and their relationship to sedation choice and outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients receiving propofol. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023, 20(5):753-760.
- Ypsilantis P, Politou M, Mikroulis D, Pitiakoudis M, Lambropoulou M, Tsigalou C, Didilis V, Bougioukas G, Papadopoulos N, Manolas C, Simopoulos C: Organ toxicity and mortality in propofol-sedated rabbits under prolonged mechanical ventilation. Anesth Analg 2007, 105(1):155-166.
- Chagas MA, Custódio LP, Gusmão BS, Costa IM, Julião GH, Bordolini S, Costa LR, Bosculo M, Moreira TF, Almeida B, Reis Filho NP, Romão FG, Abimussi C, Floriano BP: Propofol at single bolus and continuous rate infusion significantly increases serum triglycerides, but not cholesterol, in healthy bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Top Companion Anim Med 2021, 45:100560.
- Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 6th ed. London: Academic Press; 2008. p. 81-115.
- Bidkar PU, Dey A, Chatterjee P, Ramadurai R, Joy JJ: Target-controlled infusion – past, present, and future. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2024, 40(3):371-380.
- Šafránková P, Bruthans J: Target-controlled infusion of propofol: a systematic review of recent results. J Med Syst 2025, 49:54.
- Kuizenga MH, Vereecke HE, Struys MM: Model-based drug administration: current status of target-controlled infusion and closed-loop control. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2016, 29(4):475-481.
- Beths T, Glen JB, Reid J, Monteiro AM, Nolan AM: Evaluation and optimization of a target-controlled infusion system for administering propofol to dogs as part of a total intravenous anaesthetic technique during dental surgery. Vet Rec 2001, 148(7):198-203.
- Minghella E, Auckburally A, Pawson P, Scott ME, Flaherty D: Clinical effects of midazolam or lidocaine co-induction with a propofol target-controlled infusion in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016, 43(5):472-481.
- Auckburally A, Pqwson P, Flaherty D: A comparison of induction of anaesthesia using a target-controlled infusion device in dogs with propofol or a propofol and alfentanil admixture. Vet Anaesth Analg 2008, 35(4):319-325.
- Cattai A, Bizzotto R, Cagnardi P, Di Cesare F, Franci P: A pharmacokinetic model optimized by covariates for propofol target-controlled infusion in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019, 46(5):568-578.
- Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H: The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol 2020, 18(7):e3000410.
- Percie du Sert N, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Hurst V, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H: Reporting animal research: explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. PLoS Biol 2020, 18(7):e3000411.
- Lang TA, Altman DG: Basic statistical reporting for articles published in biomedical journals: the statistical analyses and methods in the published literature (SAMPL) guidelines. Int J Nurs Stud 2015, 52(1):5-9.
- Devaud JC, Berger MM, Pannatier A, Marques-Vidal P, Tappy L, Rodondi N, Chiolero R, Voirol P: Hypertriglyceridemia: a potential side effect of propofol sedation in critical illness. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38(12):1990-1998.
- Corrado MJ, Kovacevic MP, Dube KM, Lupi KE, Szumita PM, DeGrado JR: The incidence of propofol-induced hypertriglyceridemia and identification of associated risk factors. Crit Care Explor 2020, 2(12):e0282.
- Witenko CJ, Littlefield AJ, Abedian S, An A, Barie PS, Berger K: The safety of continuous infusion propofol in mechanically ventilated adults with coronavirus disease 2019. J Intensive Care Med 2022, 37(7):896-904.
- Kaur H, Nattanamai P, Qualls K: Propofol and clevidipine-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Cureus 2018, 10(8):e3165.
- Xenoulis PG, Suchodolski JS, Ruaux CG, Steiner JM: Association between serum triglyceride and canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in miniature schnauzers. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010, 46(4):229-234.
- Cridge H, Lim SY, Algül H, Steiner JM: New insights into the etiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of pancreatitis in dogs: potential impacts on clinical practice. J Vet Intern Med 2022, 36(3):847-864.
- Heybati K, Deng J, Xie G, Poudel K, Zhou F, Rizwan Z, Brown CS, Acker CT, Gajic O, Yadav H: Propofol, triglycerides, and acute pancreatitis: a multicenter epidemiologic analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2025, 22(2):235-246.
- Moskowitz A, Ferguson N: Food for thought: toward a more nuanced approach to propofol-associated hypertriglyceridemia. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2025, 22(2):181-182.
Language: English
Page range: 423 - 438
Submitted on: Apr 11, 2026
Accepted on: Jul 22, 2026
Published on: Sep 13, 2026
Published by: University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Related subjects:
© 2026 Francini Arboit, Jean Carlos Gasparotto, Luiza Tonietto Mangini, Lisiane Saremba Vieira, Gabriel Satoru Ohashi, Júlia Odorissi Oliveira, Leonardo Bergmann Griebeler, Andressa Rodrigues De Souza, Rúbia Schallenberger Da Silva, Emilie Victoria Oberbeck, Cinthia Melazzo De Andrade, Gabrielle Coelho Freitas, Beatriz Perez Floriano, André Vasconcelos Soares, published by University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.