References
- 1. Aguirre AA: Wild canids as sentinels of ecological health: a conservation medicine perspective. Parasit Vectors 2009, 2 (Suppl 1):S7.
- 2. Tomassone L, Berriatua E, De Sousa R, Duscher GG, Mihalca AD, Silaghi C, Sprong H, Zintl A: Neglected vector-borne zoonoses in Europe: Into the wild. Vet Parasitol 2018, 251:17–26.
- 3. Jongejan F, Uilenberg G: The global importance of ticks. Parasitology 2004, 129:S3–14.
- 4. Colwell DD, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D: Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: Emerging scenarios and new perspectives. Vet Parasitol 2011, 182:14–21.
- 5. Duscher GG, Fuehrer H-P, Kübber-Heiss A: Fox on the run - molecular surveillance of fox blood and tissue for the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in Austria. Parasit Vectors 2014, 7:521.
- 6. Otranto D, Cantacessi C, Pfeffer M, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Deplazes P, Genchi C, Guberti V., Capelli G: The role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in Europe. Vet Parasitol 2015, 213:12–23.
- 7. Ebani VV, Verin R, Fratini F, Poli A, Cerri D: Molecular survey of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia canis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from central Italy. J Wildl Dis 2011, 47:699–703.
- 8. Hulinska D, Langrova K, Pejcoch M, Pavlasek I: Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in animals by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Apmis 2004, 112:239–247.
- 9. Härtwig V, von Loewenich FD, Schulze C, Straubinger RK, Daugschies A, Dyachenko V: Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from Brandenburg, Germany. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014, 5:277–80.
- 10. Cardoso L, Gilad M, Cortes, H, Nachum-Biala Y, Lopes A, Vila-Viçosa M, Simões M, Rodrigues PA, Baneth G: First report of Anaplasma platys infection in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and molecular detection of Ehrlichia canis and Leishmania infantum in foxes from Portugal. Parasit Vectors 2015, 8:144.
- 11. Torina A, Blanda V, Antoci F, Scimeca S, D’Agostino R, Scariano E, Piazza A, Galluzzo P, Giudice E, Caracappa S: A Molecular Survey of Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia canis and Babesia microti in Foxes and Fleas from Sicily. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013, 60:125–130.
- 12. Santoro M, Veneziano V, D’Alessio N, Di Prisco F, Lucibelli MG, Borriello G, Cerrone A, Dantas-Torres F, Latrofa MS, Otranto D, Galiero G: Molecular survey of Ehrlichia canis and Coxiella burnetii infections in wild mammals of southern Italy. Parasitol Res 2016, 115:4427–31.
- 13. Hodžić A, Cézanne R, Duscher GG, Harl J, Glawischnig W, Fuehrer HP: Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp. in an Austrian fox is distinct from Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, but closer related to Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris. Parasit Vectors 2015, 8:539.
- 14. Liebisch G, Dimpfl B, Finkbeiner-Weber B, Liebisch A, Frosch M: The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) a reservoir competent host for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. In: Proc 2nd Int Conf Tick-Host-Pathogen Interactions 1995, p.238
- 15. Boretti FS, Perreten A, Meli ML, Cattori V, Willi B, Wengi N, Hornok S, Honegger H, Hegglin D, Woelfel R, Reusch CE, Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R: Molecular investigations of Rickettsia helvetica infection in dogs, foxes, humans, and Ixodes ticks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009, 75:3230–7.
- 16. Hodžić A, Alić A, Fuehrer H-P, Harl J, Wille-Piazzai W, Duscher G. A molecular survey of vector-borne pathogens in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Parasit Vectors 2015, 8:88.
- 17. Ortuño A, Sanfeliu I, Nogueras MM, Pons I, López-Claessens S, Castellà J, Antón E, Segura F: Detection of Rickettsia massiliae/Bar29 and Rickettsia conorii in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and their Rhipicephalus sanguineus complex ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018, 9:629–631.
- 18. Chisu V, Leulmi H, Masala G, Piredda M, Foxi C, Parola P: Detection of Rickettsia hoogstraalii, Rickettsia helvetica, Rickettsia massiliae, Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia aeschlimannii in ticks from Sardinia, Italy. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017, 8:347–52.
- 19. Gerrikagoitia X, Gil H, García-Esteban C, Anda P, Juste RA, Barral M: Presence of Bartonella species in wild carnivores of Northern Spain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012,78:885–8.
- 20. Henn JB, Chomel BB, Boulouis HJ, Kasten RW, Murray WJ, Bar-Gal GK, King R, Courreau JF, Baneth G: Bartonella rochalimae in raccoons, coyotes, and red foxes. Emerg Infect Dis 2009, 15:1984–7.
- 21. Marciano O, Gutiérrez R, Morick D, King R, Nachum-Biala Y, Baneth G, Harrus S: Detection of Bartonella spp. in wild carnivores, hyraxes, hedgehog and rodents from Israel. Parasitology 2016, 143:1232–42.
- 22. Millán J, Proboste T, Fernández de Mera IG, Chirife AD, de la Fuente J, Altet L: Molecular detection of vector-borne pathogens in wild and domestic carnivores and their ticks at the human-wildlife interface. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016, 7:284–90.
- 23. Hodžic A, Mrowietz N, Cézanne R, Bruckschwaiger P, Punz S, Habler VE, Tomsik V, Lazar J, Duscher GG, Glawischnig W, Fuehrer HP: Occurrence and diversity of arthropod-transmitted pathogens in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in western Austria, and possible vertical (transplacental) transmission of Hepatozoon canis. 2018, Parasitology 145:335–344.
- 24. Otto P, Chaignat V, Klimpel D, Diller R, Melzer F, Müller W, Tomaso H: Serological Investigation of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) and Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) As Indicator Animals for Circulation of Francisella tularensis in Germany. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014, 14:46–51.
- 25. Meredith AL, Cleaveland SC, Denwood MJ, Brown JK, Shaw DJ: Coxiella burnetii (Q-Fever) Seroprevalence in Prey and Predators in the United Kingdom: Evaluation of Infection in Wild Rodents, Foxes and Domestic Cats Using a Modified ELISA. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015, 62:639–49.
- 26. Hinaidy HK: Die Parasitenfauna des Rotfuchses, Vulpes vulpes (L.), in Österreich. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin R B. 1971, 18:21–32.
- 27. Hinaidy HK. Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Parasitenfauna des Rotfuchses, Vulpes vulpes (L.), in Österreich. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin R B. 1976, 23:66–73.
- 28. Sréter T, Széll Z, Varga I: Spatial distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus in Hungary: Evidence for change? Vet Parasitol 2005, 128:347–51.
- 29. Lorusso V, Lia RP, Dantas-Torres F, Mallia E, Ravagnan S, Capelli G, Otranto D: Ixodid ticks of road-killed wildlife species in southern Italy: New tick-host associations and locality records. Exp Appl Acarol 2011, 55:293–300.
- 30. Ćirović D: Morphological variability and biogeorarphical status of the red fox populations (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758) in Vojvodina. Faculy of Biology University of Belgrade 2000.
- 31. Tomanović S, Radulović Ž, Ćakić S, Mihaljica D, Sukara R, Penezić A, Burazerović J, Ćirović D: Tick species (acari: Ixodidae) of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Serbia. 2nd Int Symp Hunting Мodern Asp Sustain Manag game Popul Novi Sad 2013, 229–235.
- 32. Pavlović I, Milutinović M, Radulović Ž. Fauna artropoda ektoparazita lisica (Vulpes vulpes L.) u Srbiji. Zb Rezim skupa Entomol Srb Goč 2001, p45.
- 33. Hornok S, Horváth G, Takács N, Farkas R, Szőke K, Kontschán J: Molecular evidence of a badger-associated Ehrlichia sp., a Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris-like genotype and Anaplasma marginale in dogs. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018, 9:1302–9.
- 34. Wass L, Grankvist A, Bell-Sakyi L, Bergström M, Ulfhammer E, Lingblom C, Wennerås C: Cultivation of the causative agent of human neoehrlichiosis from clinical isolates identifies vascular endothelium as a target of infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019, 8:413–425.
- 35. Schouls LM, Van De Pol I, Rijpkema SGT, Schot CS: Detection and identification of Ehrlichia, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Bartonella species in Dutch Ixodes ricinus ticks. J Clin Microbiol 1999, 37:2215–22.
- 36. Pan H, Liu S, Ma Y, Tong S, Sun Y: Ehrlichia-like organism gene found in small mammals in the suburban district of Guangzhou of China. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003, 990:107–11.
- 37. Welinder-Olsson C, Kjellin E, Vaht K, Jacobsson S, Wennerås C: First case of human “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” infection in a febrile patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48:1956–9.
- 38. Portillo A, Santibáñez P, Palomar AM, Santibáñez S, Oteo JA: ‘Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis’ in Europe. New Microbes New Infect 2018, 22:30–6.
- 39. Dugan VG, Gaydos JK, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, Beall AD, Mead DG, Hurd CC, Davidson WR: Detection of Ehrlichia spp. in Raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Georgia. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 2005, 5:162–171.
- 40. Yabsley MJ, Murphy SM, Luttrell MP, Wilcox BR, Howerth EW, Munderloh UG: Characterization of “Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris” (family Anaplasmataceae) from raccoons (Procyon lotor). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008, 58:2794–8.
- 41. Yabsley MJ, Murphy SM, Luttrell MP, Wilcox BR, Ruckdeschel C: Raccoons (Procyon lotor), but not rodents, are natural and experimental hosts for an ehrlichial organism related to “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis.” Vet Microbiol 2008, 131:301–8.
- 42. Hodžić A, Cézanne R, Duscher GG, Harl J, Glawischnig W, Fuehrer HP: Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp. in an Austrian fox is distinct from Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, but closer related to Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris. Parasit Vectors 2015, 8:1–4.
- 43. Hodžić A, Mitkovà B, Modrý D, Juránková J, Frgelecová L, Forejtek P, Steinbauer V, Duscher GG: A new case of the enigmatic Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp. (FU98) in a fox from the Czech Republic. Mol Cell Probes 2017, 31:59–60.
- 44. Hildebrand J, Buńkowska-Gawlik K, Adamczyk M, Gajda E, Merta D, Popiołek M, Perec-Matysiak A: The occurrence of Anaplasmataceae in European populations of invasive carnivores. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018, 9:934–937
- 45. Hornok S, Trauttwein K, Takács N, Hodžić A, Duscher GG, Kontschán J: Molecular analysis of Ixodes rugicollis, Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp. (FU98) and a novel Babesia genotype from a European badger (Meles meles). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017, 8:41–4.
- 46. Ćirović D, Milenković M: The first record of the free-ranging raccoon (Procyon lotor Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia. Mamm Biol 2003, 68:116–7.
- 47. Ćirovic D, Milenković M: Previous findings of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis Matschie 1907) in Yugoslavia and analysis of probable paths of its immigration. Contrib to Zoogeography Ecol East Mediterr Reg 1999, 1:77–82.
- 48. Franke J, Hildebrandt A, Dorn W: Exploring gaps in our knowledge on Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes - Updates on complex heterogeneity, ecology, and pathogenicity. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013, 4:11–25.
- 49. Gern L, Estrada-Peña A, Frandsen F, Gray JS, Jaenson TGT, Jongejan F, Kahl O, Korenberg E, Mehl R, Nuttall PA: European reservoir hosts of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriol 1998, 287:196–204.
- 50. Heidrich J, Schönberg A, Steuber S, Nöckler K, Schulze P, Voigt W-P, Schein E: Investigation of skin samples from Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Eastern Brandenburg (Germany) for the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Zentralblatt für Bakteriol 1999, 289:666–72.
- 51. Dumitrache MO, Matei IA, Ionică AM, Kalmár Z, D’Amico G, Sikó-Barabási S, Ionescu DT, Gherman CM, Mihalca AD: Molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Romania. Parasit Vectors 2015, 8:514.
- 52. Obrenović S, Ristanović E, Čekanac R, Radulović Ž, Ilić V. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in Belgrade area, Serbia. Acta Vet Beograd 2015, 65:99–110.
- 53. Potkonjak A, Savić S, Vračar V, Rnjak D, Tikvicki M, Obrenović S, Lako B: Prevalence of G class antibodies to antigens of lyme disease causes in dogs in Vojvodina, Serbia. Vet Glas 2013, 67:55–66.
- 54. Milutinović M, Masuzawa T, Tomanović S, Radulović Ž, Fukui T, Okamoto Y: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Francisella tularensis and their co-infections in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in Serbia. Exp Appl Acarol 2008, 45:171–83.
- 55. Tomanović S, Chochlakis D, Radulović Ž, Milutinović M, Ćakić S, Mihaljica D, Tselentis Y, Psaroulaki A: Analysis of pathogen co-occurrence in host-seeking adult hard ticks from Serbia. Exp Appl Acarol 2013, 59:367–376.
- 56. Rudenko N, Golovchenko M, Grubhoffer L, Oliver JH: Updates on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex with respect to public health. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2011, 2:123–8.
- 57. Parola P, Roux V, Camicas JL, Baradji I, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Detection of ehrlichiae in African ticks by polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000, 94:707–8.
- 58. Masuzawa T, Komikado T, Iwaki A, Suzuki H, Kaneda K, Yanagihara Y. Characterization of Borrelia sp. isolated from Ixodes tanuki, I. turdus, and I. columnae in Japan by restriction fragment length polymorphism of rrf (5S)-rrl(23S) intergenic spacer amplicons. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996, 142: 77–83.
- 59. Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 1991, 173(5):1576-89.
- 60. Spyridaki I, Gikas A, Kofteridis D, Psaroulaki A, Tselentis Y. Q fever in the Greek island of Crete: detection, isolation, and molecular identification of eight strains of Coxiella burnetii from clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36: 2063–2067.
- 61. Sjöstedt A, Eriksson U, Berglund L, Tärnvik A. Detection of Francisella tularensis in ulcers of patients with tularemia by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1997, 35: 1045-1048.
- 62. Rolain JM, Franc M, Davoust B, Raoult D. Molecular detection of Bartonella quintana, B. koehlerae, B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, Rickettsia felis, and Wolbachia pipientis in cat fleas, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9(3):338–342.