References
- Bąkowicz, K. (2023). Disinformation Is Everywhere. Why Should We Change Our Perspective On This Phenomenon?. SWPS University Warsaw, Poland. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Social Media, ECSM 2023, pp. 2-10.
- Benkler, Y., Faris, R., Roberts, H. (2018). Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. OXFORD University Press, New York USA, pp. 12-13.
- Bennett, W. and Livingston, S. (2018). The Disinformation Order: Disruptive Communication And The Decline Of Democratic Institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33, pp. 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317
- Bruins, M. (2022). Fake News Throughout History. Global, Perspective, Seed World Europe, September 9, 2022. Available at: https://www.seedworld.com/europe/2022/09/09/fake-news-throughout-history/
- Dewald, C., Hanson, V.D., Orwin, C., Strassler, B.R. (2020). CBC Radio. “Lessons from an ancient Athenian in an era of ‘fake news’”, [Audio podcast episode, Ideas, “Thucydides, Part 1: The First Journalist”, CBC Radio. Available at: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/lessons-from-an-ancient-athenian-in-an-era-of-fake-news-1.5622315
- European Union. (n.d.-a). The 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation. Available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/code-practice-disinformation
- European Union. (n.d.-b). The Digital Services Act Package. Available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package
- Fallis, D. (2015). What Is Disinformation? Library Trends, 63, pp. 401-426. https://doi.org/10.1353/LIB.2015.0014
- Feingold, S. (2022). The Four Key Ways Disinformation Is Spread Online. World Economic Forum. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/08/four-ways-disinformation-campaigns-are-propagated-online/
- Ferrara, E., Chang, H., Chen, E., Muric, G., & Patel, J. (2020). Characterizing Social Media Manipulation In The 2020 U.S. Presidential Election. First Monday, 25(11), pp. 1-32. Available at: https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/11431/11310
- Figl, K., Kießling, S., Rank, C., & Vakulenko, S. (2019). Fake News Flags, Cognitive Dissonance, And The Believability Of Social Media Posts. In Proceedings Of The Fortieth International Conference On Information Systems, Munich, Germany, pp. 1-9. Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/301383848.pdf
- Green, Y., Gully, A., Roy, A., Roth, Y., Tucker, J. A., & Wanless, A. (2023). Evidence-Based Misinformation Interventions: Challenges and Opportunities for Measurement and Collaboration. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Princeton University, pp. 1-40. Available at: https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/files/202212-Wanless_et_al_Misinfo_Interventions2.pdf
- Greenfield, P.M. (2009). Technology And Informal Education: What Is Taught, What Is Learned. Science, 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):69-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1167190. PMID: 19119220.
- Krasnova, D., Grinavica, M. (2024). International Cooperation in Combating Disinformation. Jurista Vārds, 8(1326), pp. 16-20.
- Gu, L., Kropotov, V., and Yarochkin, F. (2017). The Fake News Machine: How Propagandists Abuse the Internet and Manipulate the Public, pp. 1-81. Available at: https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/white_papers/wp-fake-news-machine-how-propagandists-abuse-the-internet.pdf
- Heaton, J. B. (2021). Santa Claus, Ufos, And Widespread Voter Fraud: Bayesian Gullibility And Disinformation From A High-Trust Source. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3804086
- Kreiss, D. (2021). Social Media And Democracy: The State Of The Field, Prospects For Reform. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(2), pp. 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220985078
- Kuo, R., and Marwick, A. (2021). Critical Disinformation Studies: History, Power, And Politics. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 2, pp. 1-7. Available at: https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-76
- Lanoszka, A. (2019). Disinformation In International Politics. European Journal of International Security, 4(2), pp. 227-248. https://doi.org/10.1017/eis.2019.6
- McKay, S., and Tenove, C. (2021). Disinformation as a Threat to Deliberative Democracy. Political Research Quarterly, 74(3), pp. 703-717. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912920938143
- Nisbet, E. C., and Kamenchuk, O. (2019). The Psychology of State-Sponsored Disinformation Campaigns and Implications for Public Diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 14(1-2), pp. 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-11411019
- Posetti, J., and Matthews, A. (2018). A short guide to the history of “fake news” and disinformation. International Center for Journalists. ICFJ, pp. 1-19. Available at: https://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/A%20Short%20Guide%20to%20History%20of%20Fake%20News%20and%20Disinformation_ICFJ%20Final.pdf
- Pripoae-Șerbănescu, C. (2021). Disinformation Sounds Like A Therapeutic Story – And That’s Why It’s Working. Proceedings of the 17th International Scientific Conference Strategies XXI, 17(1), pp. 264-271. https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-2001-21-33
- Ramsay, M. (2012). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. Chapter: “Machiavellianism.” Academic Press; 2nd edition, Volume 3, pp. 1-9. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/machiavellianism
- Ruiz, C. D., and Nilsson, T. (2022). Disinformation And Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates On Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, pp. 1-18. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4142295
- Shires, J. (2021). Windmills of the Mind: Higher-Order Forms of Disinformation in International Politics. 2021 13th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon), pp. 257-273. https://doi.org/10.23919/CyCon51939.2021.9468292
- Sliwa, R. (2020). Disinformation Campaigns In Social Media (Bachelor’s Thesis). University of Stuttgart, Faculty of Informatics, Electrical Engineering, and Information Technology, pp. 1-74. Available at: https://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/11219
- Solaiman, I., Brundage, M., Clark, J., Askell, A., Herbert-Voss, A., Wu, J., Radford, A., and Wang, J. (2019). Release Strategies And The Social Impacts Of Language Models. ArXiv, abs/1908.09203, pp. 1-71. Available at: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201666234
- Soll, J. (2016). The Long And Brutal History Of Fake News: Bogus News Has Been Around A Lot Longer Than Real News. And It’s Left A Lot Of Destruction Behind. Politico Magazine. Available at: https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/fake-news-history-long-violent-214535/
- Thucydides. (1950). The History Of The Peloponnesian War (R. Crawley, Trans.). E.P. Dutton and Company, Inc.; J.M. Dent and Sons, Limited. (Original work published c. 431 BCE). Available at: https://antilogicalism.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/history-pelo-war.pdf
- Townsend, K. (2017). Fake News: Methods, Motivations and Countermeasures. Available at: www.securityweek.com/fake-news-methods-motivations-and-countermeasures/
- UNESCO. (n.d.). Action Plan against Disinformation. Available at: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/54866_en
- Unger, W. (2021). How the Poor Data Privacy Regime Contributes to Misinformation Spread and Democratic Erosion, 22(2). Colum. Sci. & Tech. L, Rev, pp. 308-345. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3762609
- Vaccari, C., and Chadwick, A. (2020). Deepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring the Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News. Social Media + Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903408
- Verrier, M. (2023). The Cold War Foundations Of Modern Russian Covert Operations. Per Concordiam. Journal of European Security and Defense Issues. Available at: https://perconcordiam.com/russian-propaganda-and-disinformation/
- Wanless, A. (2023). Our Complicated History with Disinformation. Freedom To Read. Available at: https://www.freedomtoread.ca/articles/our-complicated-history-with-disinformation/
- Załoga, W. (2022). Disinformation In The Age Of The Digital Revolution In The Aspect Of State Security. Wiedza Obronna, Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna, 3 (280), pp. 44-45