Results_***p < 0_01; **p < 0_05; *p < 0_1_
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 71.27*** | 76.29*** | 75.6*** | 74.2*** | 76.9*** | 77.1*** |
| (1.61) | (1.56) | (1.68) | (1.73) | (1.95) | (1.91) | |
| Rae | 0.32** | 0.35*** | ||||
| (0.12) | (0.13) | |||||
| Loosemore and Hanby | −0.1* | 0.03 | ||||
| (0.05) | (0.06) | |||||
| Gallagher | −0.08 | 0.03 | ||||
| (0.08) | (0.09) | |||||
| Size | 0.15*** | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.1** | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.06) | |
| Unemployment | −0.08** | −0.09** | −0.09** | 0.11** | 0.1* | 0.1* |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.05) | |
| Education | −0.03 | −0.7 | −0.06 | 0.16* | 0.16* | 0.16* |
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.1) | (0.1) | (0.1) | |
| F | 3.9*** | 2.8*** | 2.3*** | 17.8*** | 17.2*** | 17.3*** |
| R 2 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
| N | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 |
Variables_
| Variables | N | Mean | Standard deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnout | 676 | 71.9 | 8.1 | 33 | 98.5 |
| Rae’s index | 676 | 7.2 | 4.9 | 0.7 | 44.8 |
| Loosemore and Hanby’s index | 676 | 15.4 | 9.2 | 1.4 | 59.8 |
| Gallagher’s index | 676 | 12.6 | 7.9 | 1.2 | 51.9 |
| Constituency size | 676 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 1 | 36 |
| Unemployment | 650 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 0.1 | 42.1 |
| Education | 600 | 11.8 | 6.6 | 2.3 | 36.7 |