References
- E. C. Holmes, S. A. Goldstein, A. L. Rasmussen, D. L. Robertson, A. Crits-Christoph, J. O. Wertheim, S. J. Anthony, W. S. Barclay, M. F. Boni, P. C. Doherty, J. Farrar, J. L. Geoghegan, X. Jiang, J. L. Leibowitz, S. J. D. Neil, T. Skern, S. R. Weiss, M. Worobey, K. G. Andersen, R. F. Garry and A. Rambaut, The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review, Cell 184(19) (2021) 4848–4856; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017
- A. Haileamlak, The impact of COVID-19 on health and health systems, Ethiop. J. Health Sci. 31(6) (2021) 1073–1074; https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v31i6.1
- G. Granata, N. Petrosillo, S. Al Moghazi, E. Caraffa, V. Puro, G. Tillotson and M. A. Cataldo, The burden of Clostridioides difficile infection in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Anaerobe 74 (2022) Article ID 102484 (8 pages); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102484
- T. Karampatakis, E. Kandilioti, H. Katsifa, A. Nikopoulou, C. Harmanus, K. Tsergouli, E. Kuijper amd M. Kachrimanidou, Clostridioides difficile infection epidemiology during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece, Future Microbiol. 19(13) (2024) 1119–1127; https://doi.org/10.1080/17460913.2024.2358653
- K. E. Burke and J. T. Lamont, Clostridium difficile infection: A worldwide disease, Gut Liver 8(1) (2014) 1–6; https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2014.8.1.1
- P. Spigaglia, Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) during the COVID-19 pandemic, Anaerobe 74 (2022) Article ID 102518 (7 pages); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102518
- R. Kullar, S. Johnson, L. V. McFarland and E. J. C. Goldstein, Potential roles for probiotics in the treatment of COVID-19 patients and prevention of complications associated with increased antibiotic use, Antibiotics 10 (2021) Article ID 408 (12 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040408
- L. M. Wright, A. M. Skinner, A. Cheknis, C. McBurney, L. Ge, S. M. Pacheco, D. Leehey, D. N. Gerding and S. Johnson, Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on rates and epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection in one VA hospital, Antibiotics 12 (2023) Article ID 1159 (11 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12071159
- S. Sipos, C. Vlad, R. Prejbeanu, H. Haragus, D. Vlad, H. Cristian, C. Dumitrascu, R. Popescu, V. Dimitrascu and V. Predescu, Impact of COVID-19 prevention measures on Clostridioides difficile infections in a regional acute care hospital, Exp. Ther. Med. 22(5) (2021) Article ID 1215 (5 pages); https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10649
- K. Hazel, M. Skally, E. Glynn, M. Foley, K. Burns, A. O’Toole, K. Boland and F. Fitzpatrick, The other ‘C’: Hospital-acquired Clostridioides difficile infection during the COVID-19 pandemic, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 43 (2021) 540–541; https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2021.3
- M. Chedid, R. Waked, E. Haddad, N. Chetata, G. Saliba and J. Choucair, Antibiotics in treatment of COVID-19 complications: A review of frequency, indications, and efficacy, J. Infect. Public Health 14(5) (2021) 570–576; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.02.001
- R. M. Kariyawasam, D. A. Julien, D. C. Jelinski, S. L. Larose, E. Rennert-May, J. M. Conly, T. C. Dingle, J. Z. Chen, G. J. Tyrrell, P. E. Ronksley and H. W. Barkema, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis (November 2019–June 2021), Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control 11(1) (2022) Article ID 45 (18 pages); https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-022-01085-z
- B. H. B. M. Freitas, M. D. S. M. Alves and M. A. M. Gaíva, Prevention and control measures for neonatal COVID-19 infection: A scoping review, Rev. Bras. Enferm. 73 (Suppl 2) (2020) e20200467 (10 pages); https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0467
- S. Zouridis, M. Sangha, P. Feustel and S. Richter, Clostridium difficile infection rates during the pandemic in New York Capital Area: A single-center study, Cureus 15(4) (2023) e37576 (6 pages); https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37576
- G. Granata, A. Bartoloni, M. Codeluppi, I. Contadini, F. Cristini, M. Pecorari, M. Fantoni, A. Ferraresi, C. Fornabaio, S. Grasselli, F. Lagi. L. Masucci, M. Puoti, A. Raimondi, E. Taddei, F. F. Trapani, P. Viale, S. Johnson and N. Petrosillo, The burden of Clostridioides difficile infection during the COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective case-control study in Italian hospitals (CloVid), J. Clin. Med. 9 (12) (2020) Article ID 3855 (11 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123855
- K. Lewandowski, M. Rosolowski, M. Kaniewska, P. Kucha, A. Meler, W. Wierzba and G. Rydzewska, Clostridioides difficile infection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): An underestimated problem?, Pol. Arch. Intern. Med. 131(2) (2022) 121–127; https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.15715
- S. H. Al-Hadidi, H. Alhussain, H. Abdel Hadi, A. Johar, H. M. Yassine, A. A. Al Thani and N. O. Eltai, The spectrum of antibiotic prescribing during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic literature review, Microb. Drug Resist. 27(12) (2021) 1705–1725; https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2020.0619
- D. Zdravkovic, L. Markovic-Denic, V. Nikolic, Z. Todorovic, M. Brankovic, A. Radojevic, D. Radovanovic and B. Toskovic, Antibiotic usage and healthcare-associated Clostridioides difficile in patients with and without COVID-19: A tertiary hospital experience, Antibiotics 14 (2023) Article ID 303 (12 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14030303
- A. Sandhu, G. Tillotson, J. Polistico, H. Salimnia, M. Cranis, J. Moshos, L, Cullen, L. Jabbo, L. Diebel and T. Chopra, Clostridioides difficile in COVID-19 patients, Detroit, Michigan, USA, March-April 2020, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27 (2021) 2421–2423; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.202126
- S. Di Bella, A. Capone, M. Musso, M. Giannella, A. Tarasi, E. Johnson, F. Taglietti, C. Campoli and N. Petrosillo, Clostridium difficile infection in the elderly, Infez. Med. 21(2) (2013) 93–102.
- X. Deda, K. Elfert, M. Gandhi, A. Malik, E. Elromisy, N. Guevara, S. Nayudu and M. Bechtold, Clostridioides difficile infection in COVID-19 hospitalized patients: A nationwide analysis, Gastroenterol. Res. 16(4) (2023) 234–239; https://doi.org/10.14740/gr1639
- K. Sehgal, H. J. Fadel, A. J. Tande, D. S. Pardi and S. Khanna, Outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and Clostridioides difficile coinfection, Infect. Drug Resist. 14 (2021) 1645–1648; https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S305349
- M. Lucijanic, N. Busic, J. Stojic, M. Barišić-Jaman, N. Zagorec, K. Lazibat, A. Pasarić, A. Vrkljan Vuk, I. Durlen, J. Mitrovic, I. Luksic and B. Barsic, Proton pump inhibitors use prior to COVID-19 hospitaliza tion is associated with higher Clostridioides difficile infection rate, Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 22 (2023) 1265–1270; https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2023.2234821
- L. Markovic-Denic, V. Nikolic, B. Toskovic, M. Brankovic, B. Crnokrak, V. Popadic, A. Radojevic, D. Radovanovic and M. Zdravkovic, Incidence and risk factors for Clostridioides difficile infections in non-COVID and COVID-19 patients: Experience from a tertiary care hospital, Microorganisms 11(2) (2023) Article ID 435 (12 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020435
- T. J. Carlson, A. J. Gonzales-Luna, M. F. Wilcox, S. G. Theriault, F. S. Alnezary, P. Patel, B. K. Ahn, E. J. Zasowski and K. W. Garey, Corticosteroids do not increase the likelihood of primary Clostridioides difficile infection in the setting of broad-spectrum antibiotic use, Open Forum Infect. Dis. 8(10) (2021) Article ID ofab419 (6 pages); https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab419
- R. Das, P. Feuerstadt and L. J. Brandt, Glucocorticoids are associated with increased risk of short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease, Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105 (2010) 2040–2049; https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2010.220
- M. Inghammar, H. Svanström, M. Voldstedlund, M. Melbye, A. Hviid, K. Mølbak and B. Pasternak, Proton-pump inhibitor use and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection, Clin. Infect. Dis. 72(12) (2021) e1084-e1089; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1857
- N. Kovačević, D. Lendak, M. Popović, A. Plećaš Đurić, M. Pete, V. Petrić, S. Sević, S. Tomić, J. Alargić, D. Damjanov, D. Kosjer and M. Lekin, Clinical presentations, predictive factors, and outcomes of Clostridioides difficile infection among COVID-19 hospitalized patients – a single center experience from the COVID Hospital of the University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Serbia, Medicina 58 (2022) Article ID 1262 (11 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58091262