References
- World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. 2015; https://apps.who.int/iris/bit-stream/handle/10665/186463/9789240694811_eng.pdf;jsessionid=7A8E7FB612B2F4EF59F-7663CE04E54CE?sequence=1; last access date June 26, 2023.
- Republic of Slovenia Statistical Office. SiStat. 2024; https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStat/en; last access date January 25, 2024.
- A. Mangoni, P. Jansen and S. Jackson, Chapter 1 – Clinical Pharmacology of Aging, in Prescribing for Elderly Patients (Ed. S. Jackson, P. Jansen, A. Mangoni), John Wiley & Sons, New York 2009, pp. 1–12.
- A. Al Hamid, M. Ghaleb, H. Aljadhey and Z. Aslanpour, A systematic review of hospitalization resulting from medicine-related problems in adult patients, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 78(2) (2014) 202–217; https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12293
- L. E. Davies, G. Spiers, A. Kingston, A. Todd, J. Adamson and B. Hanratty, Adverse outcomes of polypharmacy in older people: Systematic review of reviews, J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 21(2) (2020) 181–187; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.10.022
- L. Kouladjian, D. Gnjidic, T. F. Chen, A. A. Mangoni and S. N. Hilmer, Drug Burden Index in older adults: Theoretical and practical issues, Clin. Interv. Aging 9 (2014) 1503–1515; https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S66660
- J. Peklar, A. M. O’Halloran, I. D. Maidment, M. C. Henman, R. A. Kenny and M. Kos, Sedative load and frailty among community-dwelling population aged >= 65 years, J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 16(4) (2015) 282–289; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2014.10.010
- H. T. Taipale, J. S. Bell, M. Uusi-Kokko, E. Lonnroos, R. Sulkava and S. Hartikainen, Sedative load among community-dwelling people aged 75 years and older: A population-based study, Drugs Aging 28(11) (2011) 913–925; https://doi.org/10.2165/11597800-000000000-00000
- T. West, M. C. Pruchnicki, K. Porter and R. Emptage, Evaluation of anticholinergic burden of medications in older adults, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 53 (2003) 496–504; https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2013.12138
- D. Gnjidic, D. G. Le Couteur, S. A. Pearson, A. J. McLachlan, R. Viney, S. N. Hilmer, F. M. Blyth, G. Joshy and E. Banks, High risk prescribing in older adults: prevalence, clinical and economic implications and potential for intervention at the population level, BMC Public Health. 13 (2013) Article ID 115 (9 pages); https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-115
- C. E. Durán, M. Azermai and R. H. V. Stichele, Systematic review of anticholinergic risk scales in older adults, Eur. J. Clin Pharmacol. 69(7) (2013) 1485–1496; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-013-1499-3
- T. Linjakumpu, S. Hartikainen, T. Klaukka, H. Koponen, S. L. Kivelä, R. Isoaho, A model to classify the sedative load of drugs, Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 18(6) (2003) 542–544; https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.846
- M. Boustani, N. Campbell, S. Munger, I. Maidment and C. Fox, Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: A review and practical application, Aging Health 4(3) (2008) 311–320; https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.4.3.311
- N. Campbell, I. Maidment, C. Fox, B. Khan and M. Boustani, The 2012 update to the anticholinergic cognitive burden scale, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 61(S1) (2013) S1:S142–S143; https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.2013.61.issue-s1
- H. T. Taipale, J. S. Bell, D. Gnjidic, R. Sulkava and S. Hartikainen, Sedative load among community--dwelling people aged 75 years or older: Association with balance and mobility, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 32(2) (2012) 218–224; https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182485802
- L. Kouladjian, D. Gnjidic, E. Reeve, T. F. Chen and S. N. Hilmer, Health care practitioners’ perspectives on deprescribing anticholinergic and sedative medications in older adults, annals of pharmacotherapy, 50(8) (2016) 625–636; https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028016652997
- S. B. Al Rihani, M. Deodhar, L. I. Darakjian, P. Dow, M. K. Smith, R. Bikmetov, J. Turgeon and V. Michaud, Quantifying anticholinergic burden and sedative load in older adults with polypharmacy: A systematic review of risk scales and models, Drugs Aging 38(11) (2021) 977–994; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-021-00895-x
- C. Fox, K. Richardson, I. D. Maidment, G. M. Savva, F. E. Matthews, D. Smithard, S. Coulton, C. Katona, M. A. Boustani and C. Brayne, Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population: The medical research council cognitive function and ageing study, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 59(8) (2011) 1477–1483; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03491.x
- N. L. Campbell, A. J. Perkins, P. Bradt, S. Perk, R. C. Wielage, M. A. Boustani and D. B. Ng, Association of anticholinergic burden with cognitive impairment and health care utilization among a diverse ambulatory older adult population, Pharmacotherapy 36(11) (2016) 1123–1131; https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1843
- Y. B. Zheng, L. Shi, X. M. Zhu, Y. P. Bao, L. J. Bai, J. Q. Li, J. J. Liu, Y. Han, J. Shi and L. Lu, Anticholinergic drugs and the risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Neurosci. Biobehavioral Reviews 127 (2021) 296–306; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.031
- A. Nakham, P. K. Myint, C. M. Bond, R. Newlands, Y. K. Loke and M. Cruickshank, Interventions to reduce anticholinergic burden in adults aged 65 and older: A systematic review, J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 21(2) (2020) 172–180; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.06.001
- S. N. Hilmer and D. Gnjidic, The anticholinergic burden: from research to practice, Australi Prescr. 45(4) (2022) 118–120; https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2022.031
- J. S. Bell, C. Mezrani, N. Blacker, T. LeBlanc, O. Frank, C. P. Alderman, S. Rossi, D. Rowett and R. Shute, Anticholinergic and sedative medicines: Prescribing considerations for people with dementia, Aust. Fam. Physician. 41(1–2) (2012) 45–49.
- J. Mur, S. R. Cox, R. E. Marioni, G. Muniz-Terrera and T. C. Russ, Increase in anticholinergic burden from 1990 to 2015: Age-period-cohort analysis in UK biobank, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 88(3) (2022) 983–993; https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.15045
- U. L. Aalto, H. M. Roitto, H. Finne-Soveri, H. Kautiainen and K. H. Pitkälä, Temporal trends in the use of anticholinergic drugs among older people living in long-term care facilities in Helsinki, Drugs Aging 37(1) (2020) 27–34; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-019-00720-6
- A. Iaboni, S. E. Bronskill, K. B. Reynolds, X. Wang, P. A. Rochon, N. Herrmann and A. J. Flint, Changing pattern of sedative use in older adults: A population-based cohort study, Drugs Aging 33(7) (2016) 523–533; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-016-0380-3
- H. M. Roitto, H. Kautiainen, U. L. Aalto, H. Öhman, J. Laurila and K. H. Pitkälä, Fourteen-year trends in the use of psychotropic medications, opioids and other sedatives among institutionalized older people in Helsinki, Finland, J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 20(3) (2019) 305–311; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2018.12.022
- C. L. Kuo, I. C. Chien and C. H. Lin, Trends, correlates and disease patterns of sedative-hypnotic use among elderly persons in Taiwan, BMC Psychiatry 22(1) (2022) Article ID 316 (8 pages); https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03964-6
- D. T. Maust, F. C. Blow, I. R. Wiechers, H. C. Kales and S. C. Marcus, National trends in antidepressant, benzodiazepine, and other sedative-hypnotic treatment of older adults in psychiatric and primary care, J. Clin. Psychiatry 78(4) (2017) e363-e371; https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16m10713
- C. N. Kaufmann, A. P. Spira, G. C. Alexander, L. Rutkow and R. Mojtabai, Trends in prescribing of sedative-hypnotic medications in the USA: 1993–2010, Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 25(6) (2016) 637–645; https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3951
- E. Gosselin, M. Simard, C. Lunghi and C. Sirois, Trends in benzodiazepine and alternative hypnotic use in relation with multimorbidity among older adults in Quebec, Canada, Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 31(3) (2022) 322–333; https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.5383
- M. O. Rinkinen, H. M. Roitto, H. R. Öhman, H. J. Kautiainen, R. S. Tilvis, T. E. Strandberg, K. H. Pitkala and U. L. Aalto, Temporal trends over two decades in the use of anticholinergic drugs among older community-dwelling people in Helsinki, Finland, Drugs Aging 39(9) (2022) 705–713; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-022-00968-5
- K. H. Pitkala, A. L. Juola, H. Hosia, M. Teramura-Gronblad, H. Soini, N. Savikko and J. S. Bell, Eight--year trends in the use of opioids, other analgesics and psychotropic medications among institutionalized older people in Finland, J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 16(11) (2015) 973–978; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.06.009
- S. de Germay, M. Rueter, F. Montastruc, V. Rousseau, M. Lapeyre-Mestre and J. L. Montastruc, Trends of atropinic (anticholinergic) exposure in the elderly: A 10-year analysis in the French EGB database, Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 33(4) (2019) 471–478; https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12450
- Health Insurance Institute of Slovenia, Poslovno poročilo za leto 2015. Ljubljana. 2016; http://www.zzzs.si/ZZZS/info/egradiva.nsf/0/7868d258ee297a14c12580d5003e95b3/$FILE/Poslovno%20poro%C4%8Dilo%20ZZZS%20za%20leto%202016_24.3.2017.pdf; last access date January 25, 2024.
- J. Jazbar, I. Locatelli, N. Horvat and M. Kos, Clinically relevant potential drug-drug interactions among outpatients: A nationwide database study, Res. Soc. Admin. Pharmacy 14(6) (2018) 572–580; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.07.004
- N. Marđetko and M. Kos, Introduction of therapeutic reference pricing in Slovenia and its economic consequences, Eur. J. Health Econom. 19(4) (2018) 571–584; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-017-0903-9
- PCNE Newsletter, 2017; http://www.pcne.org/upload/files/174_PCNE_news_2016-4.pdf; last access date June 26, 2023.
- C. Parsons, J. Haydock, E. Mathie, N. Baron, I. Machen, E. Stevenson, S. Amador and C. Goodman, Sedative load of medications prescribed for older people with dementia in care homes, BMC Geriatr. 11 (2011) Article ID 56 (12 pages); https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-11-56
- M. S. Salahudeen, S. B. Duffull and P. S. Nishtala, Anticholinergic burden quantified by anticholinergic risk scales and adverse outcomes in older people: A systematic review, BMC Geriatr. 15(1) (2015) Article ID 31 (14 pages); https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0029-9