Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): From the laboratory point of view

Margetić, Sandra; Goreta, Sandra Šupraha; Ćelap, Ivana; Razum, Marija

doi:10.2478/acph-2022-0034

References

1. J. Carré, G. Jourdi, N. Gendron, D. Helley, P. Gaussem and L. Darnige, Recent advances in anticoagulant treatment of immune thrombosis: A focus on direct oral anticoagulants in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and anti-phospholipid syndrome, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23(1) (2022) Article ID 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010093
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
2. T. Helin, Laboratory Monitoring of Direct Oral Anticoagulants (PhD thesis), University of Helsinki, Medical Faculty, Helsinki 2017.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
3. J. W. Skelley, A. R. Thomason and J. C. Nolen, Betrixaban (Bevyxxa): A direct-acting oral anticoagulant factor Xa inhibitor, Pharm. Ther. 43(2) (2018) 85–120.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
4. C. Dunois, Laboratory monitoring of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), Biomedicines 9 (2021) Article ID 445 (15 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9050445
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
5. B. I. Eriksson, O. E. Dahl, L. Ahnfelt, P. Kälebo, J. Stangier, G. Nehmiz, K. Hermansson and V. Kohlbrenner, Dose escalating safety study of a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, in patients undergoing total hip replacement: BISTRO I, J. Thromb. Haemost. 2(9) (2004) 1573–1580; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00890.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
6. B. I. Eriksson, O. E. Dahl, H. R. Buller, R. Hettiarachchi, N. Rosencher, M. L. Bravo, L. Ahnfelt, F. Piovella, J. Stangier, P. Kälebo and P. Reilly (BISTRO II study group), A new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, compared with enoxaparin for prevention of thromboembolic events following total hip or knee replacement: the BISTRO II randomized trial, J. Thromb. Haemost. 3(1) (2005) 103–111; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.01100.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
7. L. Wallentin, S. Yusuf, M. D. Ezekowitz, M. Alings, M. Flather, M. G. Franzosi, P. Pais, A. Dans, J. Eikelboom, J. Oldgren, J. Pogue, P. A. Reilly, S. Yang and S. J. Connolly (RE-LY investigators), Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial, Lancet 376(9745) (2010) 975–983; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61194-4
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
8. C. B. Granger, J. H. Alexander, J. J. McMurray, R. D. Lopes, E. M. Hylek, M. Hanna, H. R. Al-Khalidi, J. Ansell, D. Atar, A. Avezum, M. C. Bahit, R. Diaz, J. D. Easton, J. A. Ezekowitz, G. Flaker, D. Garcia, M. Geraldes, B. J. Gersh, S. Golitsyn, S. Goto, A. G. Hermosillo, S. H. Hohnloser, J. Horowitz, P. Mohan, P. Jansky, B. S. Lewis, J. L. Lopez-Sendon, P. Pais, A. Parkhomenko, F. W. Verheugt, J. Zhu and L. Wallentin (ARISTOTLE committees and investigators), Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation, N. Engl. J. Med. 365(11) (2011) 981–992; https://doi.org/doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1107039
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
9. M. R. Patel, K. W. Mahaffey, J. Garg, G. Pan, D. E. Singer, W. Hacke, G. Breithardt, J. L. Halperin, G. J. Hankey, J. P. Piccini, R. C. Becker, C. C. Nessel, J. F. Paolini, S. D. Berkowitz, K. A. A. Fox, R. M. Califf (+ROCKET AF steering committee, for the ROCKET AF investigators), Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, N. Engl. J. Med. 365(10) (2011) 883–891; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
10. The EINSTEIN investigators, Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism, N. Engl. J. Med. 363 (2010) 2499–2510; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1007903R
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
11. P. Giugliano, C.T. Ruff, E. Braunwald, S. A. Murphy, S. D. Wiviott, J. L. Halperin (+ENGAGE AFTIMI 48 investigators), Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation, N. Engl. J. Med. 369 (2013) 2093–2104; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1310907
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
12. J. Douxfils, D. M. Adcock, S. M. Bates, E. J. Favaloro, I. Gouin-Thibault, C. Guillermo, Y. Kawai, E. Lindhoff-Last, S. Kitchen and R. C. Gosselin, 2021 Update of the International Council for Standardization in Haematology. Recommendations for laboratory measurement of direct oral anticoagulants, Thromb. Haemost. 121(8) (2021) 1008–1020; https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1450-8178
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
13. J. Raymond, L. Imbert, T. Cousin, T. Duflot, R. Varin, J. Wils and F. Lamoureux, Pharmacogenetics of direct oral anticoagulants: A systematic review, J. Pers. Med. 11(1) (2021) Article ID 37 (11 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11010037
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
14. G. Grześk, D. Rogowicz, Ł. Wołowiec, A. Ratajczak, W. Gilewski and M. Chudzińska, The clinical significance of drug-food interactions of direct oral anticoagulants, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22(16) (2021) Article ID 8531; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168531
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
15. J. W. Eikelboom, D. J. Quinlan, J. Hirsh, S. J. Connolly and J. I. Weitz, Laboratory monitoring of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant use in patients with atrial fibrillation: A review, JAMA Cardiol. 2(5) (2017) 566–574; https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0364
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
16. R. C. Gosselin, D. M. Adcock, S. M. Bates, J. Douxfils, E. J. Favaloro, I. Gouin-Thibault, C. Guillermo, Y. Kawai, E. Lindhoff-Last and S. Kitchen, International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH). Recommendations for laboratory measurement of direct oral anticoagulants, Thromb. Haemost. 118(3) (2018) 437–450; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1627480
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
17. A. Tripodi, F. Marongiu, M. Moia, G. Palareti, V. Pengo, D. Poli, D. Prisco, S. Testa and M. Zanazzi, The vexed question of whether or not to measure levels of direct oral anticoagulants before surgery or invasive procedures, Intern. Emerg. Med. 13(7) (2018) 1029–1036; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-018-1854-6
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
18. M. S. Lim, K. Chapman, P. Swanepoel and A. K. Enjeti, Sensitivity of routine coagulation assays to direct oral anticoagulants: patient samples versus commercial drug-specific calibrators, Pathology 48(7) (2016) 712–719; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2016.07.008
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
19. B. J. Dale, N. C. Chan and J. W. Eikelboom, Laboratory measurement of the direct oral anticoagulants, Br. J. Haematol. 172(3) (2016) 315–336; https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.13810
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
20. European Medicines Agency, Pradaxa; Summary of Product Characteristics; EMA, Amsterdam, https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/pradaxa-epar-product-information_en.pdf, last access date April 04, 2022
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
21. M. Bridget and M. S. J. Kuehn, First oral blood thinner is approved for children, JAMA 326(7) (2021) Article ID 593; https://doi.org./10.1001/jama.2021.13259
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
22. J. Steffel, P. Verhamme, T. S. Potpara, P. Albaladejo, M. Antz, L. Desteghe, K. G. Haeusler, J. Oldgren, H. Reinecke, V. Roldan-Schilling, N. Rowell, P. Sinnaeve, R. Collins, A. J. Camm and H. Heidbüchel, The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation, Eur. Heart J. 39(16) (2018) 1330–1393; https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy136
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
23. J. Coates, E. Bitton, A. Hendje, T. Delate, K. L. Olson, C. Knowles, S. Ly, K. M. Fink and N. P. Clark, Clinical outcomes of dabigatran use in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and weight > 120 kg, Thromb. Res. 208 (2021) 176–180; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.11.007
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
24. European Medicines Agency, Xarelto; Summary of Product Characteristics, EMA, Amsterdam, https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/xarelto-epar-product-information_en.pdf; last access date April 04, 2022
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
25. W. Mueck, J. Stampfuss, D. Kubitza and M. Becka, Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of rivaroxaban, Clin. Pharmacokinet. 53 (2014) 1–16; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-013-0100-7
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
26. European Medicines Agency, Eliqius; Summary of Product Characteristics, https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/eliquis-epar-product-information_en.pdf, last access date April 04, 2022
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
27. H. Mani and E. Lindhoff-Last, New oral anticoagulants in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a review of pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy, quality of life, and cost effectiveness, Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 8 (2014) 789–798; https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S45644
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
28. S. H. Kanuri and R. P. Kreutz, Pharmacogenetics of bleeding and thromboembolic events in direct oral anticoagulant users, J. Pers. Med. 9(1) (2019) Article ID 7 (18 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm9010007
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
29. European Medicines Agency, Lixiana; Summary of Product Characteristics, https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/lixiana-epar-product-information_en.pdf, last access date April 04, 2022
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
30. K. Ogata, J. Mendell-Harary, M. Tachibana, H. Masumoto, T. Oguma, M. Kojima and S. Kunitada, Clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban in healthy volunteers, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 50(7) (2010) 743–753; https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270009351883
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
31. J. Steffel, R. Collins, M. Antz, P. Cornu, L. Desteghe, K. G. Haeusler, J. Oldgren, H. Reinecke, V. Roldan-Schilling, N. Rowell, P. T. Sinnaeve, T. Vanassche, T. Potpara, A. J. Camm and H. Heidbuchel, European Heart Rhythm Association practical guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation (EHRA practical guide), Europace 23(10) (2021) 1612–1676; https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab065
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
32. K. A. Martin, J. Beyer-Westendorf, B. L. Davidson, M. V. Huisman, P. M. Sandset and S. Moll, Use of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with obesity for treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism: Updated communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation, J. Thromb. Haemost. 19(8) (2021) 1874–1882; https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15358
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
33. K. Deng, J. Cheng, S. Rao, H. Xu, L. Li and Y. Gao, Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: A network meta-analysis, Front. Med. (Laussane) 7 (2020) Article ID 107 (9 pages); https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00107
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
34. H. S. Chun, R. Choe, M. Lee, Y. Cho, H. Y. Kim, K. Yoo and T. Hun Kim, Treatment of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis, Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 27 (2021) 535–552; https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2021.0109
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
35. J. H. Levy, W. Ageno, N. C. Chan, M. Crowther, P. Verhamme and J. I. Weitz (for Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation), When and how to use antidotes for the reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH, J. Thromb. Haemost. 14(3) (2016) 623–627; https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13227
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
36. T. Steiner, M. Böhm, M. Dichgans, H. C. Diener, C. Ell, M. Endres, C. Epple, M. Grond, U. Laufs, G. Nickenig, H. Riess, J. Röther, P. D. Schellinger, M. Spannagl and R. Veltkamp, Recommendations for the emergency management of complications associated with the new direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban, Clin. Res. Cardiol. 102 (2013) 399–412; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-013-0560-7
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
37. E. Rota, L. Testa, G. Di Brigida, S. Agosti, M. E. Rovere, R. Risso and N. Morelli, The management of patients with acute ischemic stroke while on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): data from an Italian cohort and a proposed algorithm, J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 50(3) (2020) 732–738; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02108-5
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
38. J. D. Douketis, A. C. Spyropoulos, J. Duncan, M. Carrier, G. Le Gal, A. J. Tafur, T. Vanassche, P. Verhamme, S. Shivakumar, P. L. Gross, A. Y. Y. Lee, E. Yeo, S. Solymoss, J. Kassis, G. Le Templier, S. Kowalski, M. Blostein, V. Shah, E. MacKay, C. Wu, N. P. Clark, S. M. Bates, F. A. Spencer, E. Arnaoutoglou, M. Coppens, D. M. Arnold, J. A. Caprini, N. Li, K. A. Moffat, S. Syed and S. Schulman, Perioperative management of patients with atrial fibrillation receiving a direct oral anticoagulant, JAMA Intern. Med. 179(11) (2019) 1469–1478; https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2431
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
39. J. D. Douketis, J. S. Healey, M. Brueckmann, J. W. Eikelboom, M. D. Ezekowitz, M. Fraessdorf, H. Noack J. Oldgren, P. Reilly, A. C. Spyropoulos, L. Wallentin and S. J. Connolly, Perioperative bridging anticoagulation during dabigatran or warfarin interruption among patients who had an elective surgery or procedure, Sub-study of the RE-LY trial, Thromb. Haemost. 113(3) (2015) 625–632; https://doi.org/10.1160/TH14-04-0305
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
40. J. R. Shaw, E. Kaplovitch and J. Douketis, Periprocedural menagement of oral anticoagulation, Med. Clin. N. Am. 104(4) (2020) 709–726; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2020.02.005
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
41. A. Chen, E. Stecker and A. Warden, Direct oral anticoagulant use: a practical guide to common clinical challenges, Am. Heart Assoc. 9(13) (2020) e017559; https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.017559J
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
42. J. M. Walenga, Can we improve on the rapid assessment of clinically relevant levels of direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOAC)? Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemos. 28 (2022) 1–2; https://doi.org/10.1177/10760296221096422
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
43. A. Gómez-Outes, P. Alcubilla, G. Calvo-Rojas, A. I. Terleira-Fernández, M. L. Suárez-Gea, R. Lecumberri and E. Vargas-Castrillón, Meta-analysis of reversal agents for severe bleeding associated with direct oral anticoagulants, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 77(24) (2021) 2987–3001; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.061
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
44. Praxbind (idarucizumab), updated July 27, 2021; https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/overview/praxbind-epar-summary-public_en.pdf; last access date July 05, 2022
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
45. R. Bonar, E. J. Favaloro, S. Mohammed, L. Pasalic, J. Sioufi and K. Marsden, The effect of dabigatran on haemostasis tests: a comprehensive assessment using in-vitro and ex-vivo samples, Pathology 47(4) (2015) 355–364; https://doi.org/10.1097/PAT.0000000000000252
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
46. J. Douxfils, W. Ageno, C. M. Samama, S. Lessire, H. Ten Cate, P. Verhamme, J. M. Dogné and F. Mullier, Laboratory testing in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants: a practical guide for clinicians, J. Thromb. Haemost. 16(2) (2018) 209–219; https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13912
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
47. T. A. Helin, A. Pakkanen, R. Lassila and L. Joutsi-Korhonen, Laboratory assessment of novel oral anticoagulants: method suitability and variability between coagulation laboratories, Clin. Chem. 59 (5) (2013) 807–814; https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.198788
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
48. A. Tripodi, V. Chantarangkul, C. Guinet and M. M. Samama, The International normalized ratio calibrated for rivaroxaban has the potential to normalize prothrombin time results for rivaroxaban-treated patients: results of an in vitro study, J. Thromb. Haemost. 9(1) (2011) 226–228; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04106.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
49. B. T. Samuelson, A. Cuker, D. M. Siegal, M. Crowther and D. A. Garcia, Laboratory assessment of the anticoagulant activity of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): A systematic review, Chest 151(1) (2017) 127–138; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.08.1462
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
50. J. Douxfils, B. Chatelain, C. Chatelain, J. M. Dogne and F. Mullier, Edoxaban: impact on routine and specific coagulation assays. A practical laboratory guide, Thromb. Haemost. 115(2) (2016) 368–381; https://doi.org/10.1160/TH15-05-0415
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
51. E. J. Favaloro, L. Pasalic, J. Curnow and G. Lippi, Laboratory monitoring or measurement of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): advantages, limitations and future challenges, Curr. Drug Metab. 18(7) (2017) 598–608; https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200218666170417124035
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
52. W. E. Dager, R. C. Gosselin, S. Kitchen and D. Dwyre, Dabigatran effects on the international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen: a multi-center, in vitro study, Ann. Pharmacother. 46(12) (2012) 1627–1636; https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1R179
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
53. A. Siegbahn, J. Oldgren, U. Andersson, M. D. Ezekowitz, P. A. Reilly, S. J. Connolly, S. Yusuf, L. Wallentin, J. W. Eikelboom, D-dimer and factor VIIa in atrial fibrillation – prognostic values for cardiovascular events and effects of anticoagulation therapy – Randomized controlled trial – A RE-LY substudy, Thromb. Haemost. 115(5) (2016) 921–930; https://doi.org/10.1160/TH15-07-0529
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
54. D. M. Adcock, R. Gosselin, S. Kitchen and D. M. Dwyre, The effect of dabigatran on select specialty coagulation assays, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 139(1) (2013) 102–109; https://doi.org/10.1309/AJCPY6G6ZITVKPVH
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
55. R. C. Gosselin, R. P. Grant and D. M. Adcock, Comparison of the effect of the anti-Xa direct oral anticoagulants apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban on coagulation assays, Int. J. Lab. Hematol. 38(5) (2016) 505–513; https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12528
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
56. R. Bonar, E. J. Favaloro, S. Mohammed, M. Ahuja, L. Pasalic, J. Sioufi and K. Marsden, The effect of the direct factor Xa inhibitors apixaban and rivaroxaban on haemostasis tests: a comprehensive assessment using in vitro and ex vivo samples, Pathology 48(1) (2016) 60–71; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2015.11.025
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
57. G. Gessoni, S. Valverde, L. Valle, P. Caruso, F. Gessoni and R. Valle, Effect of dabigatran on prothrombinase-based assay for detecting activated protein C resistance: an ex vivo and in vitro study in normal subjects and factor V Leiden carriers, Blood Transfus. 15(6) (2017) 562–567; https://doi.org/10.2450/2017.0199-16
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
58. S. Margetic and D. Carzavec, Diseases of Hemostasis, in Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine in Clinical Practice (Ed. E. Topic, D. Primorac, S. Janković and M. Stefanovic), 2nd ed., Medicinska naklada, Zagreb 2018, pp. 351–387.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
59. J. Pratt and P. Crispin, Screening test for direct oral anticoagulants with the dilute Russell viper venom time, Eur. J. Haematol. 100(6) (2018) 567–574; https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13050
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
60. A. L. Sennesael, T. Exner, B. Chatelain, S. Lessire, A. S. Larock, C. Vancraeynest, L. Pochet, J. M. Dogné, A. Spinewine, F. Mullier and J. Douxfils, An optimized dRVVT-based assay to estimate the intensity of anticoagulation in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants, Thromb. Res. 157 (2017) 29–37; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2017.06.034
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
61. J. Favresse, B. Lardinois, L. Sabor, B. Devalet, J. Vandepapeliere, M. Braibant, S. Lessire, B. Chat-elain, H. Jacqmin, J. Douxfils and F. Mullier, Evaluation of the DOAC-Stop procedure to overcome the effect of DOACs on several thrombophilia screening tests, TH Open 2(2) (2018) e202-e209; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1657785
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
62. S. Platton and C. Hunt, Influence of DOAC Stop on coagulation assays in samples from patients on rivaroxaban or apixaban, Int. J. Lab. Hematol. 41(2) (2018) 227–233; https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12950
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
63. T. Exner, N. Michalopoulos, J. Pearce, R. Xavier and M. T. Ahuja, Simple method for removing DOACs from plasma samples, Thromb. Res. 163 (2018) 117–122; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2018.01.047
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
64. I. H. Jaffer, N. Chan, R. Roberts, J. C. Fredenburgh, J. W. Eikelboom and J. I. Weitz, Comparison of the ecarin chromogenic assay and diluted thrombin time for quantification of dabigatran concentrations, J. Thromb. Haemost. 15(12) (2017) 2377–2387; https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13857
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
65. S. T. Avecilla, C. Ferell, W. L. Chandler and M. Reyes, Plasma-diluted thrombin time to measure dabigatran concentrations during dabigatran etexilate therapy, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 137(4) (2012) 572–574; https://doi.org/10.1309/AJCPAU7OQM0SRPZQ
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
66. R. C. Gosselin, R. P. Grant and D. M. Adcock, Comparison of the effect of the anti-Xa direct oral anticoagulants apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban on coagulation assays, Int. J. Lab. Hematol. 38(5) (2016) 505–513; https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12528
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
67. W. Clarke, J. M. Rhea and R. Molinaro, Challenges in implementing clinical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods–the light at the end of the tunnel, J. Mass Spectrom. 48(7) (2013) 755–767; https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.3214
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
68. L. Brunetti, B. Sanchez-Catanese, L. Kagan, X. Wen, M. Liu, B. Buckley, J. P. Luyendyk and M. L. Aleksunes, Evaluation of the chromogenic anti-factor IIa assay to assess dabigatran exposure in geriatric patients with atrial fibrillation in an outpatient setting, Thromb. J. 14 (2016) Article ID 10 (8 pages); https://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-016-0084-2
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
69. M. Ebner, I. Birschmann, A. Peter, I. Birschmann, A. Peter, F. Härtig, C. Spencer, J. Kuhn, A. Rupp, G. Blumenstock, C. S. Zuern, U. Ziemann and S. Poli, Limitations of specific coagulation tests for direct oral anticoagulants: A critical analysis, J. Am. Heart Assoc. 7(19) (2018) e009807; https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009807
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
70. J. Douxfils, A. Tamigniau, B. Chatelain, C. Chatelain, P. Wallemacq, J. M. Dogné and F. Mullie, Comparison of calibrated chromogenic anti-Xa assay and PT tests with LC-MS/MS for the therapeutic monitoring of patients treated with rivaroxaban, Thromb. Haemost. 110(4) (2013) 723–731; https://doi.org/10.1160/TH13-04-0274
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
71. S. Margetić, I. Ćelap, D. Delić Brkljačić, N. Pavlović, S. Šupraha Goreta, I. Kobasić, A. Lovrenčić-Huzjan and V. Bašić Kes, Chromogenic anti-FXa assay calibrated with low molecular weight heparin in patients treated with rivaroxaban and apixaban: possibilities and limitations, Biochem. Med. (Zagreb) 30(1) (2020) Article ID 010702; https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2020.010702
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
72. L. Brückner, J. BeyerWestendorf, O. Tiebel J. Pietsch, Development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) and the direct thrombininhibitor argatroban by HPLC–MS/MS, J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 53 (2022) 777–787; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-021-02596-z
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
73. R. Aakerøy, C. Stokes, M. Tomić, S. Hegstad, A. H. Kristoffersen, H. Ellekjær, J. Schjøtt, O. Spigset and A. Helland, Serum or plasma for quantification of direct oral anticoagulants?, Ther. Drug Monit. 44(4) (2022) 578–584; https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000956
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
74. L. Örd, T. Marandi, M. Märk, L. Raidjuk, J. Kostjuk, V. Banys, K. Krause and M. Pikta, Evaluation of DOAC dipstick test for detecting direct oral anticoagulants in urine compared with a clinically relevant plasma threshold concentration, Clin. Appl. Thromb./Hemost. 28 (2022) 1–8; https://doi.org/10.1177/10760296221084307
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
75. J. Harenberg, S. Kraemer, S. Du, C. Giese, A. Schulze, R. Kraemer and C. Weiss, Determination of direct oral anticoagulants from human serum samples, Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 40(1) (2014) 129–134; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1363462
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
76. J. Harenberg, R. Schreiner, S. Hetjens and C. Weiss, Detecting anti-IIa and anti-Xa direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) agents in urine using a DOAC dipstick, Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 45(3) (2019) 275–284; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1668098
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
77. S. Margetić, I. Ćelap, A. Lovrenčić Huzjan, M. Bosnar Puretić, S. Šupraha Goreta, A. Čajević Glojnarić, D. Delić Brkljačić, P. Mioč, J. Harenberg, S. Hetjens and C. Weiss, DOAC dipstick testing can reliably exclude the presence of clinically relevant DOAC concentrations in circulation, Thromb. Haemost. (2022) ahead of print; https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1753-27
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
78. J. Harenberg, S. Du, C. Weiss, R. Kramer, D. Hoppensteadt and J. Walenga, Report of the Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation on the determination of the anticoagulant effects of apixaban: communication from the SSC of the ISTH, J. Thromb. Haemost. 12(5) (2014) 801–804; https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.12547
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
79. S. Du, C. Weiss, G. Christina, S. Krämer, M. Wehling, R. Krämer and J. Harenberg, Determination of dabigatran in plasma, serum, and urine samples: comparison of six methods, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 53(8) (2015) 1237–1247; https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2014-0991
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
80. O. Volod, C. M. Bunch, N. Zackariya, E. E. Moore, H. B. Moore, H. C. Kwaan, M. D. Neal, M. D. Al-Fadhl, S. S.Patel, G. Wiarda, H. D. Al-Fadhl, M. L. McCoy, A. V. Thomas, S. G. Thomas, L. Gillespie, R. Z. Khan, M. Zamlut, P. Kamphues, D. Fries and M. M. Walsh, Viscoelastic hemostatic assays: A primer on legacy and new generation devices, J. Clin. Med. (2022) 11(3) Article ID 860 (22 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030860
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
81. D. Oberladstätter, W. Voelckel, C. Schlimp, J. Zipperle, B. Ziegler, O. Grottke, H. Schöchl, A prospective observational study of the rapid detection of clinically-relevant plasma direct oral anticoagulant levels following acute traumatic injury, Anaesthesia 76(3) (2021) 373–380; https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15254
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
82. A. Sedghi, L. Heubner, A. Klimova, O. Tiebel, J. Pietsch, M. Mirus, K. Barlinn, T. T. Talita, T. Minx, J. Beyer-Westendorf, V. Puetz, P. Spieth and Siepmann, Point of care assessment of direct oral anticoagulation in acute ischemic stroke: protocol for a prospective observational diagnostic accuracy study, Thromb. Haemost. (2022) ahead of print; https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1869-785
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
83. R. McGrail, J. Revsholm, P. H. Nissen, E. L. Grove and A. M. Hvas, Stability of direct oral anticoagulants in whole blood and plasma from patients in steady state treatment, Thromb. Res. 148 (2016) 107–110; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2016.10.023
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
84. H. Ten Cate, R. H. Olie, A. J. Ten Cate-Hoek and Y. M. C. Henskens, Direct oral anticoagulants: When to consider laboratory testing?, Int. J. Lab. Hematol. 40(1) (2018) 30–33; https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12816
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
85. J. Harenberg, S. Krämer, S. Du, S. Zolfaghari, A. Schulze, R. Krämer, C. Weiss, M. Wehling and G. Y. H. Lip, Measurement of rivaroxaban and apixaban in serum samples of patients, Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 44(8) (2014) 743–752.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
86. T. Gous, L. Couchman, J. P. Patel, C. Paradzai, R. Arya and R. J. Flanagan. Measurement of the direct oral anticoagulants apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban in human plasma using turbulent flow liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry, Ther. Drug Monit. 36(5) (2014) 597–605.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
87. S. Lessire, J. Douxfils, J. Baudar, N. Bailly, A. Dincq, M. Gourdin, J. Dogné, B. Châtelain and F. Mullier, Is thrombin time useful for the assessment of dabigatran concentrations? An in vitro and ex vivo study, Thromb. Res. 136(3) (2015) 693–696; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2015.07.018
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): From the laboratory point of view

References

Paradigm

My account