References
- 1. Y. J. Kang, H. J. Chung, J. W. Nam, H. J. Park, E. K. Seo, Y. S. Kim, D. Lee and S. K. Lee, Cytotoxic and antineoplastic activity of timosaponin A-III for human colon cancer cells, J. Nat. Prod.74 (2011) 701–706; https://doi.org/10.1021/np1007735
- 2. S. Y. Park, Y. H. Choi and W. Lee, Dangnyohwan improves glucose utilization and reduces insulin resistance by increasing the adipocyte-specific GLUT4 expression in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, J. Ethnopharmacol.115 (2008) 473–482; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.040
- 3. T. Liu, X. N. An, D. L. Liu and Y. J. Wei, A comparison of several second-order algorithms for simultaneous determination of neomangiferin and mangiferin with severe spectral overlapping in Anemarrhenae rhizoma, Spectrochim. Acta A208 (2019) 172–178; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.057
- 4. K.-Y. Ji, K. M. Kim, Y. H. Kim, A-R. Im, J. Y. Lee, B. Park, M. Na and S. Chae, The enhancing immune response and anti-inflammatory effects of Anemarrhena asphodeloides extract in RAW 264.7 cells, Phytomedicine59 (2019) Article ID 152789; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.12.012
- 5. Y. Wang, Y. Dan, D. Yang, Y. Hu, L. Zhang, C. Zhang, H. Zhu, Z. Cui, M. Li and Y. Liu, The genus Anemarrhena bunge: A review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology, J. Ethnopharmacol.153 (2014) 42–60; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.013
- 6. Z. Y. Meng, J. Y. Zhang, S. X. Xu and K. Sugahara, Steroidal saponins from Anemarrhena asphodeloides and their effects on superoxide generation, Planta Med.65 (1999) 661–663; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960842
- 7. J. Zhang, Z. Meng, M. Zhang, D. Ma, S. Xu and H. Kodama, Effect of six steroidal saponins isolated from anemarrhenae rhizoma on platelet aggregation and hemolysis in human blood, Clin. Chim. Acta289 (1999) 79–88; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-8981(99)00160-6
- 8. Z. Tang, G. Li, J. Yang, J. Duan, D. Qian, J. Guo, Z. Zhu and Z. Song, Anemarrhena asphodeloides non-steroidal saponin components alter the pharmacokinetic profile of its steroidal saponins in rat, Molecules20 (2015) 11777–11792; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200711777
- 9. Y. Wang, J. Xu and H. Qu, Structure characterization and identification steroidal saponins from Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawler (Liliaceae) by high-performance liquid chromatography with ion trap mass spectrometry, Phytochem. Anal22 (2011) 166–171; https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.1263
- 10. B.-Y. Yang, J. Zhang, Y. Liu and H.-X. Kuang, Steroidal saponins from the rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Molecules21 (2016) Article ID 1075 (9 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21081075
- 11. N. Kaname, J. Zhang, Z. Meng, S. Xu, K. Sugahara, Y. Doi and H. Kodama, Effect of timosaponin E1 and E2 on superoxide generation induced by various stimuli in human neutrophils and on platelet aggregation in human blood, Clin. Chim. Acta295 (2000) 129–140; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-8981(00)00196-0
- 12. X. Zhao, C. Liu, Y. Qi, L. Fang, J. Luo, K. Bi and Y. Jia, Timosaponin B-II ameliorates scopolamine-induced cognition deficits by attenuating acetylcholinesterase activity and brain oxidative damage in mice, Metab. Brain Dis.31 (2016) 1455–1461; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-016-9877-z
- 13. B. Lee, K. Jung and D. H. Kim, Timosaponin AIII, a saponin isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides, ameliorates learning and memory deficits in mice, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.93 (2009) 121–127; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.021
- 14. B. R. Kim, Y. C. Cho, H. T. T. Le, H. L. Vuong, S. Lee and S. Cho, Suppression of inflammation by the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides via regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB and p38 signal transduction pathways in macrophages, Biomed. Rep.6 (2017) 691–697; https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2017.895
- 15. J. Y. Kim, J. S. Shin, J. H. Ryu, S. Y. Kim, Y. W. Cho, J. H. Choi and K. T. Lee, Anti-inflammatory effect of anemarsaponin B isolated from the rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages is mediated by negative regulation of the nuclear factor-kappaB and p38 pathways, Food Chem. Toxicol.47 (2009) 1610–1617; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.009
- 16. W. Q. Lu, Y. Qiu, T. J. Li, X. Tao, L. N. Sun and W. S. Chen, Timosaponin B-II inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine induction by lipopolysaccharide in BV2 cells, Arch. Pharm. Res.32 (2009) 1301–1308; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-009-1916-4
- 17. W. Zhao, M. Wang, L. Shao, M. Liao, K. Liu, F. Huang and B. Liu, The total phenolic fraction of Anemarrhena asphodeloides inhibits inflammation and reduces insulin resistance in adipocytes via regulation of AMP-kinase activity, Planta Med.80 (2014) 146–152; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1360197
- 18. H. Nian, L. P. Qin, W. S. Chen, Q. Y. Zhang, H. C. Zheng and Y. Wang, Protective effect of steroidal saponins from rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats, Acta Pharmacol. Sin.27 (2006) 728–734; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00328.x
- 19. G. J. Wang, L. C. Lin, C. F. Chen, J. S. Cheng, Y. K. Lo, K. J. Chou, K. C. Lee, C. P. Liu, Y. Y. Wu, W. Su, W. C. Chen and C. R. Jan, Effect of timosaponin A-III, from Anemarrhenae asphodeloides Bunge (Liliaceae), on calcium mobilization in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and on vascular tension, Life Sci.71 (2002) 1081–1090; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01794-0
- 20. Y. Feng, B. Chen, A. Lin and Y. Liu, Simultaneous determination of timosaponin B-II and A-III in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetic study, J. Chromatogr. B965 (2014) 119–126; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.017
- 21. Z. Liu, X. Dong, X. Ding, X. Chen, L. Lv, Y. Li and Y. Chai, Comparative pharmacokinetics of timosaponin B-II and timosaponin A-III after oral administration of Zhimu-Baihe herb-pair, Zhimu extract, free timosaponin B-II and free timosaponin A-III to rats, J. Chromatogr. B926 (2013) 28–35; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.003
- 22. X. Tian, Z. Xu, Z. Li, Y. Ma, S. Lian, X. Guo, P. Hu, Y. Gao and C. Huang, Pharmacokinetics of mangiferin and its metabolite-norathyriol, Part 2: Influence of UGT, CYP450, P-gp, and enterobacteria and the potential interaction in Rhizoma Anemarrhenae decoction with timosaponin B2 as the major contributor, BioFactors42 (2016) 545–555; https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1290
- 23. F. Cai, L. Sun, S. Gao, Y. Yang, Q. Yang and W. Chen, A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of timosaponin B-II in blood plasma and a study of the pharmacokinetics of saponin in the rat, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.48 (2008) 1411–1416; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.032
- 24. L. Lai, L. C. Lin, J. H. Lin and T. H. Tsai, Pharmacokinetic study of free mangiferin in rats by microdialysis coupled with microbore high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A987 (2003) 367–374; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01415-2
- 25. B. Wang, H. Zhang, X. Dong, L. Lv, L. Zhao, Z. Lou, Y. Chai and G. Zhang, Separation and characterization of steroidal saponins in Paris pllyphylla by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ion trap mass spectrometry, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 36 (2013) 1661–1677; https://doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2012.695313
- 26. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline, Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology, Q2 (R1), Current Step 4 version, November 2005; https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q2_R1/Step4/Q2_R1_Guideline.pdf; last access date March 10, 2018.
- 27. Z. Liu, D. Zhu, Y. Qi, X. Chen, Z. Zhu and Y. Chai, Elucidation of steroid glycosides in Anemarrhena asphodeloides extract by means of comprehensive two-dimensional reversed-phase/polyamine chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, J. Sep. Sci.35 (2012) 2210–2218; https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201200236