Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Homogenous Acidic and Basic Catalysts in Biodiesel Synthesis: A Review Cover

Homogenous Acidic and Basic Catalysts in Biodiesel Synthesis: A Review

Open Access
|Aug 2020

References

  1. [1] E., G. Shay, “Diesel fuel from vegetable oils: status and opportunities”. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 4, Pp. 227-242, 1993.10.1016/0961-9534(93)90080-N
  2. [2] E. F, Aransiola, E. Betiku, D.I.O., Ikhuomoregbe, T.V. Ojumu. “Production of biodiesel from crude neem oil feedstock and its emissions from intern Aransiola al combustion engines”. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 11, No. 22, Pp. 6178-6186. 2012.10.5897/AJB11.2301
  3. [3] S. Howell, and J. Jobe, “Current Status of the Biodiesel Industry. Chapter Eight. In The Biodiesel Handbook (Ed.) Gerhard Knothe, Jon Van Gerpen and Jürgen Krahl. Champaign, Illinois”. Copyright © 2005 AOCS Press.
  4. [4] G. Knothe, J.V. Gerpen and J Krahl. “Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel. Chapter Six. In The Biodiesel Handbook (Ed.) Champaign, Illinois”. Copyright © 2005 AOCS Press.10.1201/9781439822357
  5. [5] K Suwannakarn. “Biodiesel Production From High Free Fatty Acid Content Feedstocks. PhD thesis, University of Clemson University”. Tiger Prints. 2008.
  6. [6] G. Knothe., C. A. Sharp., T. W. Ryan. “Exhaust Emissions of Biodiesel, Petrodiesel, Neat Methyl Esters, and Alkanes in a New Technology Engine”. Energy & Fuels, Vol. 20, Pp. 403-408. 2006.10.1021/ef0502711
  7. [7] L. Rubianto., S. S. Yuwono., A. Soemarno. “Comparison of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Particulate Emission”. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, Vol. 2, Pp. 66-69. 2013.
  8. [8] R. Ali. “Biodiesel a renewable alternate clean and environment friendly fuel for petrodiesel engines: A review” International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Vol. 3 No. 10, Pp. 7707-7713, ISSN 0975-5462. 2011.
  9. [9] A., M. Shakorfow, and A., H. Mohamed, “Influential Parameters Affecting Transesterification Reaction in Biodiesel Synthesis: A Review”. The International Journal of Engineering and Information Technology (IJEIT), Vol.6, No.2, Pp. 151-157, 2020.
  10. [10] F. Ma and M. A. Hanna, “Biodiesel production: a review”. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 70, pp. 1–15, ISSN 0960-8524. 1999.10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5
  11. [11] A. Demirbas, “Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and noncatalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a survey”. Energy Convers. Manage. Vol. 44, Pp. 2093-2109, 2003a.10.1016/S0196-8904(02)00234-0
  12. [12] H. Fukuda; A. Kondo; H. Noda, “Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils”. J. Biosci. Bioeng. Vol. 92, Pp. 405-416, 2001.10.1016/S1389-1723(01)80288-7
  13. [13] L. Andreani and J. D. Rocha. “Use of Ionic Liquids In Biodiesel Production: A Review”. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. Vol. 29, No. 01, Pp. 1 - 13, January - March, ISSN 0104-6632. 2012.10.1590/S0104-66322012000100001
  14. [14] I., Lee, L.A. Johnson, and E.G. Hammond, “Use of Branched-Chain Esters to Reduce the Crystallization Temperature of Biodiesel”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Vol. 72, Pp. 1155–1160. 1995.10.1007/BF02540982
  15. [15] T.A., Foglia, L.L. Nelson, R.O. Dunn, and W.N. Marmer, “Low-Temperature Properties of Alkyl Esters of Tallow and Grease”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Vol. 74, Pp. 951–955. 1997.10.1007/s11746-997-0010-7
  16. [16] K. Heikal Ebtisam, A. Khalil Salah, and K. Abdou Ismaeil. “Jatropha Bio-Diesel Production Technologies”. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Vol. 3, No. 3, May 2013.10.7763/IJBBB.2013.V3.215
  17. [17] R Alcantara; J. Amores, L. Canoira, E. Fidalgo, M. J. Franco, A., Navarro. “Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and tallow”. Biomass Bioenerg., Vol. 18, No. 6, Pp. 515-527. 2000.10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00014-3
  18. [18] J. M Encinar; J. F. Gonzalez; A. Rodriguez-Reinares. “Biodiesel from used frying oil. Variables affecting the yields and characteristics of the biodiesel”. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 44, No. 15, Pp. 5491-5499. 2005.10.1021/ie040214f
  19. [19] E. Lotero, Y. Liu, D. E. Lopez, K. Suwannakarn, D. A. Bruce, and J. G. Goodwin, Jr. “Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalyst Ind”. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol. 44, Pp. 5353-5363, 2005.10.1021/ie049157g
  20. [20] A. C. Pinto, L. N. Guarieiro, M. J. Rezende, N. M. Ribeiro, Torres, E. A.; Lopes, W. A.; Pereira, P. A.; Andrade, J. B. “Biodiesel: An overview”. J. Brazil. Chem. Soc., Vol. 16, (6B), Pp. 1313-1330, 2005.10.1590/S0103-50532005000800003
  21. [21] P. Felizardo, M. J. Correia, I. Raposo, J. F. Mendes, R. Berkemeier, J. M., Bordado. “Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils”. Waste Manage., Vol. 26, No. 5, Pp. 487-494, 2006.10.1016/j.wasman.2005.02.02515964752
  22. [22] W. Zhou; D. G. B., Boocock. “Phase behavior of the base-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil”. J. Am. OilChem. Soc., Vol. 83, No. 12, Pp. 1041-1045. 2006.10.1007/s11746-006-5160-5
  23. [23] X. Yuan, J. Liu, G. Zeng, J. Shi, J. Tong, G., Huang. Optimization of conversion of waste rapeseed oil with high FFA to biodiesel using response surface methodology. Renew. Energ., Vol. 33, No. 7, Pp. 1678-1684. 2008.10.1016/j.renene.2007.09.007
  24. [24] I Yohei and S Shiro. A new process for catalyst-free production of biodiesel using supercritical methyl acetate. Fuel, Vol. 88, No. 7, Pp. 1307-1313. 2009.10.1016/j.fuel.2008.12.028
  25. [25] E.I. Bello, and M. Agge, “Biodiesel Production from Ground Nut Oil”. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS), Vol. 3, No. 2, Pp. 276-280. © Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, (ISSN: 2141-7016), 2012.
  26. [26] M.J. Haas and T. A. Foglia. “Biodiesel Production. Chapter Four”. In The Biodiesel Handbook (Ed.) Gerhard Knothe, Jon Van Gerpen and Jürgen Krahl. Champaign, Illinois. Copyright © 2005 AOCS Press. 2005
  27. [27] N. Saifuddin; K. H. Chua. “Production of ethyl ester (Biodiesel) from used frying oil: Optimization of transesterification process using microwave irradiation”. Malays. J. Chem., Vol. 6, No. 1, Pp. 77-82, 2004.
  28. [28] M., A., Hanna, L. Isom and J. Campbell. “Biodiesel: Current perspectives and future”. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. Vol. 64, pp.854-857, 2005.
  29. [29] J.M. Encinar, J.F. Gonzalez and A. Rodriguez-Reinares, Ethanolysis of used frying oil. Biodiesel preparation and characterization, Fuel Pro. Techno, 88, 513-522. 2007.10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.01.002
  30. [30] J. Dupont, P. A. Z. Suarez, M. R. Meneghetti, S. M. P., Meneghetti. “Catalytic production of biodiesel and diesel-like hydrocarbons from triglycerides”. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 2, Pp. 1258-1265, 2009.10.1039/b910806h
  31. [31] A., Refaat, “Different techniques for the production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil”. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., Vol. 7, No. 1, Pp. 183-213, Winter 2010 ISSN: 1735-1472. 201010.1007/BF03326130
  32. [32] V. Makareviciene, and P. Janulis, “Environmental effect of rapeseed oil ethyl ester”. Renewable Energy, Vol. 28, pp. 2395–2403, ISSN 0960-1481, 2003.10.1016/S0960-1481(03)00142-3
  33. [33] A. Demirbas, “Current advances in alternative motor fuels”. Energy Explore Exploit; Vol. 21, Pp. 475–487, 2003b.10.1260/014459803322986295
  34. [34] Y.M. Sani, W.M.A.W. Daud and A.R. Abdul Aziz (December 3rd 2012). “Biodiesel Feedstock and Production Technologies: Successes, Challenges and Prospects”, Biodiesel Zhen Fang, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/52790. 2012.10.5772/52790
  35. [35] W. Zhou, S.K. Konar, D.G.V. Boocock, “Ethyl esters from the single-phase base-catalyzed ethanolysis of vegetable oils”. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Vol. 80, Pp. 367-371, 2003.10.1007/s11746-003-0705-1
  36. [36] N. C. Om Tapanes, D. A. Gomes Aranda, de Mesquita Carneiro, J. W.; Ceva Antunes, O. A. “Transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil glycerides: Theoretical and experimental studies of biodiesel reaction”. Fuel, Vol. 87, No. 10-11, Pp. 2286–2295, 2008.10.1016/j.fuel.2007.12.006
  37. [37] F. Haigh Kathleen, T. Vladisavljević Goran, C. Reynolds James, N. Zoltan and S. Basudeb. “Kinetics of the pre-treatment of used cooking oil using Novozyme 435 for biodiesel production”. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. Vol. 92, No. 4,Pp. 713-719, 2014.10.1016/j.cherd.2014.01.006
  38. [38] J. Kathlene, G. Rajesh, CM. Lekha, D. Ajay Kumar. “Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil”. Applied Catalyst B: Environmental. Vol. 85, No. 1-2, Pp. 86-91, 2008.10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.07.005
  39. [39] X. Z., Liang, H. Q. Xiao, and C. Z., Qi, “Efficient procedure for biodiesel synthesis from waste oils using novel solid acidic ionic liquid polymer as catalysts”. Fuel Processing Technology. Vol. 110, Pp. 109-113, 2013.10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.12.002
  40. [40] B. Y., Wang, S. F., Li, S. J., Tian, R. H. Feng, and Y. L., Meng, “A new solid base catalyst for the transesterification of rapeseed oil to biodiesel with methanol”. Fuel, Vol. 104, Pp. 698–703, 2013.10.1016/j.fuel.2012.08.034
  41. [41] A. Srivastava, and R. Prasad, “Triglycerides-based diesel fuels”. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. Vol. 4, Pp. 111-133, 2000.10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00013-1
  42. [42] K. Narasimharao, L. Adam, and W. Karen. “Catalysts in Production of Biodiesel: A Review”. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, Vol. 1, 1–12, 2007.10.1166/jbmb.2007.1976
  43. [43] AF. Roseli, M. TP. Anna Leticia and P. Kil Jin. “Biodiesel Production and Quality”. Biofuel’s Engineering Process Technology, InTech, Brazil. ISBN 978-953-307-480-1, 2011.
  44. [44] A. George, Z. Ypatia, S. Stamoulis and K. Stamatis. “Transesterification of Vegetable Oils with Ethanol and Characterization of the Key Fuel Properties of Ethyl Esters”. Energies, Vol. 2, Pp. 362-376; doi:10.3390/en20200362. 2009.10.3390/en20200362
  45. [45] J.M. Marchetti, and A.F. Errazu, “Biodiesel production from acid oils and ethanol using a solid basic resin as catalyst”. Biomass & Bioenergy, Vol. 34, Pp. 272–277, ISSN 0961-9534, 2010.10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.10.016
  46. [46] A. V. Tomasevic, S. S., Siler-Marinkovic. “Methanolysis of used frying oil”. Fuel Process Tech., Vol. 81, No. 1, Pp. 1-6, 2003.10.1016/S0378-3820(02)00096-6
  47. [47] M. P. Dorado, E. Ballesteros, M. Mittelbach, F. J., Lopez. “Kinetic parameters affecting the alkali-catalyzed transesterification process of used olive oil”. Energ. Fuel., Vol. 18, No. 5, Pp. 1457-1462, 2004.10.1021/ef034088o
  48. [48] A. A. Refaat, and S. T., El Sheltawy. “Comparing three options for biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil”. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Waste Management and the Environment IV, Vol. 109, WIT Press, Pp. 133-140, 2008.10.2495/WM080151
  49. [49] A. Gupta, S. K. Sharma, Pal Toor, A. “Production of biodiesel from waste soybean oil”. J. Petrotech Soc., Vol. 4, No. 1, Pp. 40-45, 2007.
  50. [50] A., Demirbas. “Biodiesel from waste cooking oil via base-catalytic and supercritical methanol transesterification”. Energ. Convers. Manage., Vol. 50, No. 4, Pp. 923-927, 2009.10.1016/j.enconman.2008.12.023
  51. [51] D. Y. C. Leung; Y., Guo. “Transesterification of neat and used frying oil: Optimization for biodiesel production”. Fuel Process Tech., Vol. 87, No. 10, Pp. 883–890, 2006.10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.06.003
  52. [52] A. B. Chhetri, K. C. Watts, M. R., Islam. “Waste cooking oil as an alternate feedstock for biodiesel production”. Energies, Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 3-18, 2008.10.3390/en1010003
  53. [53] X. Meng; G. Chen; Y., Wang, (2008). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via alkali catalyst and its engine test. Fuel Process Tech., 89 (9), 851-857.10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.02.006
  54. [54] A. Singh; B. He; J. Thompson; J. Van Gerpen. “Process optimization of biodiesel production using different alkaline catalysts”. Appl. Eng. Agr., Vol. 22, No. 4, Pp. 597-600, 2006.10.13031/2013.21213
  55. [55] X. Deng, Z. Fang, and Y. H., Liu, “Ultrasonic transesterification of Jatropha curcas L. oil to biodiesel by a two-step process”. Energy Conver. Manage., Vol. 51, Pp. 2802–2807, 2010.10.1016/j.enconman.2010.06.017
  56. [56] A Hayyan, MZ Alam, ME Mirghani, NA Kabbashi, NI Hakimi, YM Siran, S Tahiruddin. “Sludge palm oil as a renewable raw material for biodiesel production by two-step processes”. Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 101, Pp. 7804–7811, 2010a.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.04520541401
  57. [57] S Yves, A Diamantis and F Stéphane. Catalyst technology for biofuel production: Conversion of renewable lipids into biojet and biodiesel. OCL 2013, 20(5) D502. DOI: 10.1051/ocl/2013023.10.1051/ocl/2013023
  58. [58] Q Jing-Juan, L Jin-Qing and F Hong-Quan. “One-step production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil catalysed by SO3H-functionalized quaternary ammonium ionic liquid”. Current Science, Vol. 110, No. 11, 10 June 2016.10.18520/cs/v110/i11/2129-2134
  59. [59] J. Kansedo, K. T. Lee, and S. Bhatia, “Biodiesel production from palm oil via heterogeneous transesterification”. Biomass & Bioenergy, Vol. 33, pp. 271–276, ISSN 0961-9534, 2009.10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.05.011
  60. [60] M. M. Rahman Talukder, J. C. Wu, S. K. Lau, L. C. Cui, G. Shimin and A. Lim. “Comparison of Novozym 435 and Amberlyst 15 as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Production of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate”. Energy Fuels, Vol. 23, No. 1, Pp. 1–4. DOI: 10.1021/ef8006245. 2009.10.1021/ef8006245
  61. [61] H. Kazemian, B. Turowec, M. N. Siddiquee, and Rohani, S., “Biodiesel production using cesium modified mesoporous ordered silica as heterogeneous base catalyst”. Fuel, 2013, 103, 719–724.10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.058
  62. [62] R. Leyva-Ramos, A. Jacobo-Azuara, PE Diaz-Flores, RM Guerrero-Coronado, J. Mendoza-Barron, MS Berber-Mendoza. “Adsorption of chromium (VI) from an aqueous solution on a surfactant-modified zeolite”. Colloids and Surfaces A physicochemical and Engineering aspects, Vol. 330, No. 1, Pp. 35-41, 2008.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.07.025
  63. [63] S. Qing, Y. Bolun, Y. Hong and Z. Gangli. “Synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil and methanol catalyzed by zeolite beta modified with La3+”. Catalyst Communications, Vol. 8, No. 12, Pp. 2159-2165. DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2007.04.028. 2007.10.1016/j.catcom.2007.04.028
  64. [64] B. Freedman, R.O. Butterfield, and E.H. Pryde, “Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil”. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, Vol. 63, Pp. 1375–1380, ISSN 1558-9331. 1986.10.1007/BF02679606
  65. [65] A. W., Schwab, M. O. Bagby, and B. Freedman. “Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils”. Fuel. Vol. 66, No. 10, Pp. 1372-1378. 1987.10.1016/0016-2361(87)90184-0
  66. [66] K. Liu. “Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas chromatographic analysis of lipids in biological materials”. JAOCS, Vol. 71, No. 11, Pp. 1179-1187, 1994.10.1007/BF02540534
  67. [67] Y. Zhang, M. A. Dube, D. D. McLean, M., Kates. “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis”. Bioresour. Tech., Vol. 90, No. 3, Pp. 229-240 (12 pages). 2003.10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00150-0
  68. [68] U. Soriano Jr. Nestor, V. Richard and S. Argyropoulos Dimitris. “Biodiesel synthesis via homogeneous Lewis acid-catalyzed transesterification”. Fuel. Vol. 88, Pp. 560–565, 2009.10.1016/j.fuel.2008.10.013
  69. [69] M. Shahid Ejaz and J. Younis; “Production of biodiesel: A technical review”; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 15, Pp. 4732–4745, 2011.10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.079
  70. [70] Y. Wang, S. Ou, P. Liu, F. Xue, S. Tang. “Comparison of two different processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil”. J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem., Vol. 252, No. 1-2, Pp. 107-112, 2006.10.1016/j.molcata.2006.02.047
  71. [71] B. Freedman, E. H. Pryde, and T. L. Mounts. “Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils”. JAOCS, Vol. 61, No. 10, Pp. 1638-1643. 1984.10.1007/BF02541649
  72. [72] J. Van Gerpen, B. Shanks, R. Pruszko, D. Clements, G. Knothe, “Biodiesel Production Technology August 2002–January 2004, NREL/SR-510-36244, 2004.10.2172/15008801
  73. [73] G. Yin Yu, C. Wen Wei, L. Hanwu, L. Yuhuan, L. Xiangyang and R. Roger. “Optimization of transesterification conditions for the production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from Chinese tallow kernel oil with surfactant-coated lipase”. Biomass and Bioenergy. Vol. 33, No. 2, Pp. 277-282, 2009.10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.05.013
  74. [74] R. Sridharan, I. M. Mathai, “Transesterification reactions”. Sci. Ind. Resour. Vol. 33, Pp. 178-187, 1974.
  75. [75] Y., Kawahara, and T. Ono, “Process for Producing Lower Alcohol Esters of Fatty Acids, U.S. Patent, Vol. 4, No. 164, Pp. 506. 1979.
  76. [76] M. Canakci and J. Van Gerpen. “Biodiesel Production Via Acid Catalyst”. American Society of Agricultural Engineers 0001-2351 / 1999 / 4205-1203. Vol. 42, No. 5, Pp. 1203-1210, 1974.10.13031/2013.13285
  77. [77] M.J., Goff, N.S. Bauer, S. Lopes, W.R. Sutterlin, and G.J. Suppes, “Acid-Catalyzed Alcoholysis of Soybean Oil”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Vol. 81, Pp. 415–420, 2004.10.1007/s11746-004-0915-6
  78. [78] O. Ferrero Gabriel, F. Almeida Manuel, C.M. Alvim-Ferraz Maria and M. Dias Joana. “Glycerol-enriched heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil and waste frying oil”. Energy Conversion and Management. Vol. 89, 1 January 2015, Pp. 665-671, 1974.10.1016/j.enconman.2014.10.032
  79. [79] J.M., Marchetti, V. U. Miguel, and A. F. Errazu, “Heterogeneous esterification of oil with high amount of free fatty acids”. Fuel, Vol. 86, pp. 906–910, ISSN 0016-2361. 2007.10.1016/j.fuel.2006.09.006
  80. [80] L. C Meher, V. S. Dharmagadda, S. N. Naik, “Optimization of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Pongamia pinnata oil for production of biodiesel”. Bioresour Technol. Aug; Vol. 97, No. 12, Pp. 1392-97, 2006.10.1016/j.biortech.2005.07.003
  81. [81] J.; Hancsók, F.; Kovács, M., Krár. “Production of vegetable oil fatty acid methyl esters from used frying oil by combined acidic/alkali transesterification”. Petrol. Coal., Vol. 46, No. 3, Pp. 36-44, 2004.
  82. [82] T.; Issariyakul, M. G.; Kulkarni, A. K.; Dalai, N. N. Bakhshi. “Production of biodiesel from waste fryer grease using mixed methanol/ethanol system”. Fuel Process Tech., Vol. 88, No. 5, Pp. 429-436, 2007.10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.04.007
  83. [83] G. Cayli, S., Küsefoglu. “Increased yields in biodiesel production from used cooking oils by a two step process: Comparison with one step process by using TGA”. Fuel Proc. Tech., Vol. 89, No. 2, Pp. 118-122, 2008.10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.06.020
  84. [84] W. N. N. Wan Omar, N. Nordin, M. Mohamed, N. A. S., Amin. “A two-step biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: Optimization of pre-treatment step”. J. Appl. Sci., Vol. 9, No. 17, Pp. 3098-3103, 2009.10.3923/jas.2009.3098.3103
  85. [85] S. V. Ghadge; H. Raheman. “Biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil having high free fatty acids”. Biomass. Bioenerg. Vol. 28, Pp. 601–605. 2005.10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.11.009
  86. [86] V.B. Veljković, S.H. Lakićević, O.S. Stamenković, Z.B. Todorović and M.L. Lazić. “Biodiesel production from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids”. Fuel. Vol. 85, No. 17–18, December 2006, Pp. 2671-2675, 2006.10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.015
  87. [87] P.K. Sahoo, L.M. Das, M.K.G. Babu and S.N. Naik. “Biodiesel development from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a CI engine”. Fuel. Vol. 86, No. 3, February 2007, Pp. 448-454, 2007.10.1016/j.fuel.2006.07.025
  88. [88] M.; Hayyan, F.S. Mjalli, M.A. Hashim, I.M. AINashef, “A novel technique for separating glycerine from palm oil-based biodiesel using ionic liquids”. Fuel Process. Technol. Vol. 91, Pp. 116–120, 2010b.10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.09.002
  89. [89] A., Khan, “Research into Biodiesel Kinetics and Catalyst Development”. Ph D thesis, The university of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 2002.
  90. [90] C.D., Baertsch, K.T., Komala, Y.H., Chua, and E., Iglesia, “Genesis of Bronsted acid sites during dehydration of 2-butanol on tungsten oxide catalysts” J. Catal. Vol. 205, No. 44, 2002.10.1006/jcat.2001.3426
  91. [91] H.E. Hoydonckx, D.E. De Vos, S.A. Chavan, and P.A. Jacobs, “Esterification and Transesterification of Renewable Chemicals”. Topics in Catalyst. Vol. 27, No. 83, 2004.10.1023/B:TOCA.0000013543.96438.1a
  92. [92] J., Macht, C.D., Baertsch, M., May-Lozano, S.L., Soled, Y., Wang, and E., Iglesia, “Support effects on Bronsted acid site densities and alcohol dehydration turnover rates on tungsten oxide domains” J. Catal. Vol. 227, Pp. 479, 2004.10.1016/j.jcat.2004.08.014
  93. [93] M., Di Serio, R., Tesser, M., Dimiccoli, F., Cammarota, M., Nastasi, and E., Santacesaria, “Synthesis of biodiesel via homogeneous Lewis acid catalyst” J. Mol.Catal. A. Vol. 239, Pp. 111-115, 2005.10.1016/j.molcata.2005.05.041
  94. [94] M. I. Al-Widyan, A. O., Al-Shyoukh. “Experimental evaluation of the transesterification of waste palm oil into biodiesel”. Bioresour. Tech., Vol. 85, No. 3, Pp. 253-256, 2002.10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00135-9
  95. [95] M. J. Nye, T. W. Willianson, S. Deshpande, J. H. Schrader, W. H. Snively, T. P. Yurkewich, C. R. Frech, “Conversion of used frying oil to diesel fuel by transesterification: preliminary test”. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc, Vol. 60, Pp. 1598-1601, 1983.10.1007/BF02666593
  96. [96] Z. J. Predojević. “The production of biodiesel from waste frying oils: A comparison of different purification steps”. Fuel, Vol. 87, No. 17–18, Pp. 3522-3528, 2008.10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.003
  97. [97] A. Banerjee and R. Chakraborty. “Parametric sensitivity in transesterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production- A review”. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. Vol. 53, No. 9, July 2009, Pp. 490-497, 2008.10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.04.003
  98. [98] X1 Miao, Q Wu. “Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil”. Bioresour Technol. Apr; Vol. 97, No. 6, Pp. 841-846, 2006.10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.00815936938
  99. [99] MGM. D’Oca, CV. Vieˆgas, JS. Lemo˜es, EK. Miyasaki, JA. Moro´n-Villarreyes, EG. Primel, PC. Abreu; “Production of FAMEs from several microalgal lipidic extracts and direct transesterification of the Chlorella pyrenoidosa”. Biomass & Bioenergy, Vol. 35, Pp. 1533-1538, 2011.10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.12.047
  100. [100] M. W. Formo. “Ester reactions of fatty materials”. JAOCS. Vol. 31, No. 11, Pp. 548-559, 1954.10.1007/BF02638571
  101. [101] B., Freedman, and E. H. Pryde. “Fatty esters from vegetable oils for use as a diesel fuel”. In Vegetable Oil Fuels — Proc. Int. Conf. on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels, Pp. 117-122, Fargo, N.D., 2-4 August. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. 1982.
  102. [102] M. J., Nye, and P. H. Southwell. “Conversion of rapeseed oil to esters for use as diesel fuel. In Proc. 5th Canadian Bioenergy Res. and Develop”. Seminar, Pp. 487-490. London, England: Elsevier Applied Science. 1984.
  103. [103] Fan X, Wang X and Chen F. “Biodiesel Production from Crude Cottonseed Oil: An Optimization Process Using Response Surface Methodology”. The Open Fuels and Energy Science Journal, Vol. 4, Pp. 1-8, 2011.10.2174/1876973X01104010001
  104. [104] P. F. Kusy. “Transesterification of vegetable oils for fuels”. In Vegetable Oil Fuels — Proc. Int. Conf. on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels, Pp. 127-137, Fargo, N.D., 2-4 August. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. 1982.
  105. [105] L. Canoira, R. Alcántara, M. J. García-Martínez, J Carrasco,. “Biodiesel from Jojoba oil-wax: transesterification with methanol and properties as a fuel”. Biomass and Bioenergy. Vol. 30, No.1, Pp.76-81, 2006.10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.07.002
  106. [106] G., T. Jeong, H., S. Yang, and D., H Park. “Optimization of transesterification of animal fat ester using response surface methodology”. Bioresour Technol. Jan; 100(1), Pp. 25-30, 2009.10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.01118572401
  107. [107] D. G. B., Boocock, S. K., Konar, and H. Sidi., “Phase diagrams for oil/methanol/ether mixtures”. JAOCS, Vol. 73, No. 10, Pp. 1247-1251, 1996.10.1007/BF02525453
  108. [108] A., N. Phan, and T. M., Phan. “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils”. Fuel. Vol. 87, No. 17-18, Pp. 3490-3496, 2008.10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.008
  109. [109] GLN Rao, S Sampath, K Rajagopal. “Experimental studies on the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with used cooking oil methyl ester and its diesel blends”. Int J Appl Sci Technol; Vol. 4, No. 2, Pp. 64-70, 2007.
  110. [110] K Yanagimoto, H Ochi, KG Lee, T Shibamoto. “Antioxidative activities of fractions obtained from brewed coffee”. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Feb 11; Vol. 52, No. 3, Pp. 592-6, 2004.
  111. [111] P, O Campo, Y Zhao, MT Suidan, AD Venosa, and GA Sorial. “Biodegradation kinetics and toxicity of vegetable oil triacylglycerols under aerobic conditions”. Chemosphere 26 Mar 2007, Vol. 68, No. 11, Pp. 2054-2062, 2007.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.024
  112. [112] H. Mebrahtu, A. Araya, A. Nigist. “Investigation of Waste Coffee Ground as a Potential Raw Material for Biodiesel Production”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. Vol.3, No.4, 2013
  113. [113] D. Darnoko; M Cheryan. “Kinetics of palm oil transesterification in a batch reactor”. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Vol. 77, Pp. 1263–1267. 2000. 2007.10.1007/s11746-000-0198-y
  114. [114] R. Umer, A. Farooq, R. M Bryan and A. Samia. “Production of sunflower oil methyl esters by optimized alkali-catalyzed methanolysis”. B Iomass And Bioenergy. Vol. 32, Pp. 1202–1205, 2008.10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.001
  115. [115] N. Saifuddin, A Z. Raziah and H. Nor farah. “Production of Biodiesel from High Acid Value Waste Cooking Oil Using an Optimized Lipase Enzyme/Acid-Catalyzed Hybrid Process”. E-Journal of Chemistry. Vol. 6(S1), S485-S495. ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO, 2009.10.1155/2009/801756
  116. [116] P. Felizardo, J., Machado, D., Vergueiro, M.J.N., Correia, J.M., Bordado, “High Free Fatty Acids oils for biodiesel production”, Proceedings of the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference-Chempor 2008, Braga, Portugal, 4-6 September, Pp. 1220-1225, 2008.
  117. [117] T. Mata, A. Mendes, N. Caetano, A. Martins, “Properties and sustainability of biodiesel from animal fats and fish oil”, Chemical Engineering Transactions, Vol. 38, Pp. 175-180. DOI: 10.3303/CET1438030. 2014.
  118. [118] J. Surachai. “Preparation of Vegetable Oil as Biodiesel Feedstock Via Re-Esterification: A Suitable Catalyst”. 2015 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies. Energy Procedia. Vol. 79, Pp. 143–148, 2015.10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.451
  119. [119] H.N., Basu, and M.E. Norris, “Process for the Production of Esters for Use as a Diesel Fuel Substitute Using Non-Alkaline Catalyst, U.S. Patent 5525126A, 1996.
  120. [120] X. Z., Liang, G. Z., Gong, H. H. Wu, and J. G., Yang, “Highly efficient procedure for the synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil using chloroaluminate ionic liquid as catalyst”. Fuel, Vol. 88, Pp. 613–616, 2009.10.1016/j.fuel.2008.09.024
Language: English
Page range: 76 - 85
Published on: Aug 3, 2020
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2020 Abdelmalik M. Shakorfow, Abdulaziz. H. Mohamed, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.