Pharmacological substances used for kidney stone prevention
| Agent | Rationale | Stone type |
|---|---|---|
| Alkaline citrates |
|
|
| Allopurinol |
|
|
| Calcium | Enteric hyperoxaluria | Calcium oxalate |
| Captopril |
| Cystine |
| Febuxostad |
|
|
| L-methionine | Urine acidification |
|
| Magnesium |
| Calcium oxalate |
| Sodium bicarbonate |
|
|
| Pyridoxine | Primary hyperoxaluria | Calcium oxalate |
| Thiazide | Hypercalciuria |
|
| Tiopronin | Cystinuria | Cystine |
General preventive measures for kidney stone formation
| Fluid intake | Fluid amount: 2500–3000 ml |
| Water is the preferred fluid. | |
| Diuresis: 2000–2500 ml/24 hours | |
| Specific weight of urine: < 1,010 g/day | |
| Nutritional advice for a balanced diet | Balanced diet – avoid excessive intake of vitamin supplements |
| Increase intake of fibre and vegetables | |
| Optimal calcium intake 1000–1200 g a day | |
| Limited salt intake < 4–5 g/day | |
| Limited animal protein intake: 800–1000 mg/day | |
| Lifestyle advice | Normal BMI |
| Adequate physical activity | |
| Avoid excessive fluid loss | |
| Reduce intake of alcohol | |
| Reduce intake of calorie-containing fluids |