Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Examples of drugs applicable for monitoring using the volumetric absorptive microsampling technique [17]
| Drug class | Analytes |
|---|---|
| Antibiotics | cefepime, fosfomycin, linezolid, meropenem, tazobactam, vancomycin |
| Anticonvulsants | brivaracetam, carbamezpine, ethosuximide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, phenytoin, rufinamide, topiramate, valproic acid |
| Immunosuppressants | cyclosporin A, everolimus, mycophenolic acid, tacrolimus, sirolimus |
| Cardiovascular drugs | acetylsalicylic acid, atenolol, lisinopril, simvastatin, valsartan |
| Endogenous compounds | HbA1c, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid |
Selected pharmacokinetics characteristic of direct oral anticoagulants
| Dabigatran | Apixaban | Edoxaban | Rivaroxaban | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target | free and clot-bound thrombin | factor Xa | factor Xa | factor Xa |
| Prodrug | yes | no | no | no |
| Bioavability | 3 – 7% | 50% | 60% | 80 – 100% |
| Protein binding | 35% | 85% | 55% | 90–95% |
| Dominant clearance | renal | hepatobiliary | hepatobiliary | hepatobiliary |
| Tmax | 1.5 – 3 hrs | 3 – 4 hrs | 1 – 2 hrs | 2 – 3 hrs |
| Dosing frequency | twice daily | twice daily | once daily | once daily |
Physiochemical properties of direct oral anticoagulants
| Molecular mass (Da) | Lipophilicity (LogP) | pKa | PSA (Å) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apixaban | 459.49 | 2.33 | pKaa = 13.12 | 110.77 |
| Dabigatran | 471.52 | 2.37 | pKaa = 11.51 | 150.22 |
| Edoxaban | 548.06 | 1.61 | pKaa = 11.08 | 136.62 |
| Rivaroxaban | 435.88 | 1.74 | pKaa = 13.6 | 88.18 |