References
- 1. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2016. Geneva: World Health Orga nization;2016
- 2. Mokry J, Porvaznik I, Kusnir P, Dohal M, Solovic I. Detection of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in the clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Slovakia through comparison between phenotypic and genetic methods and evaluation of resistance levels with clinical parameter. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2019;70(1):10.26402/jpp.2019.1.10.
- 3. Porvaznik I, Mokry J, Solovic I. Drug resistance to anti-tuberculotics in children three years status in Slovakia. Acta Medica Martiniana [Internet]. 2014 Mar 12 [cited 2020 Aug 08];13(3):18–22. Available from: https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/acm/13/3/article-p18.xml
- 4. Dohál M, Porvazník I, Pršo K, Rasmussen EM, Solovič I, Mokrý J. Whole-genome sequencing and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Challenges in sample preparation and sequencing data analysis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2020;123:101946.
- 5. Yong YK, Tan HY, Saeidi A, et al. Immune Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of Tuberculosis: Current Developments and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2789.
- 6. Getahun H, Kittikraisak W, Heilig CM, et al. Development of a standardized screening rule for tuberculosis in people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings: individual participant data meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS Med. 2011;8(1):e1000391.
- 7. Wallis RS, Kim P, Cole S, et al. Tuberculosis biomarkers discovery: developments, needs, and challenges. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(4):362-372.
- 8. Li ZB, Han YS, Wei LL, et al. Screening and identification of plasma lncRNAs uc.48+ and NR_105053 as potential novel biomarkers for cured pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;92:141-150.
- 9. Siddiqi K, Lambert ML, Walley J. Clinical diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in low-income countries: the current evidence. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(5):288-296.
- 10. Djoba Siawaya JF, Bapela NB, Ronacher K, et al. Immune parameters as markers of tuberculosis extent of disease and early prediction of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy response. J Infect. 2008;56(5):340-347.
- 11. Saltini C, Colizzi V. Soluble immunological markers of disease activity in tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 1999;14(3):485-486.
- 12. Fallahi-Sichani M, Kirschner DE, Linderman JJ. NF-κB Signaling Dynamics Play a Key Role in Infection Control in Tuberculosis. Front Physiol. 2012;3:170.
- 13. Lin PL, Plessner HL, Voitenok NN, Flynn JL. Tumor necrosis factor and tuberculosis. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2007;12(1):22-25.
- 14. Flynn JL, Chan J. Imunology of tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2001;19:93-129
- 15. Chowdhury IH, Ahmed AM, Choudhuri S, et al. Alteration of serum inflammatory cytokines in active pulmonary tuberculosis following anti-tuberculosis drug therapy. Mol Immunol. 2014; 62(1):159-168.
- 16. Demir T, Yalçinoz C, Keskinel I, Demiröz F, Yildirim N. sICAM-1 as a serum marker in the diagnosis and follow-up of treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6(2): 155-159.
- 17. Flynn JL, Chan J. Immunology of tuberculosis. Annual Review of Immunology. 2011; 19:93-129
- 18. Flynn JL, Chan J, Lin PL. Macrophages and control of granulomatous inflammation in tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol. 2011; 4:271–278.
- 19. Lin PL, Flynn JL. Understanding latent tuberculosis: a moving target. J Immunol. 2010;185(1):15-22. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903856
- 20. Amelio, P., Portevin, D., Hella, J., Reither, K., Kamwela, L., Lweno, O., et al. (2019). HIV infection functionally impairs Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. J. Virol. 93:e01728-18.
- 21. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group.. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69(3):89-95.
- 22. Wallis RS. Sustainable tuberculosis drug development. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(1):106-113.
- 23. Wallis RS, Jakubiec W, Kumar V, et al. Biomarker-assisted dose selection for safety and efficacy in early development of PNU-100480 for tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(2): 567-574.
- 24. Epstein MD, Schluger NW, Davidow AL, Bonk S, Rom WN, Hanna B. Time to detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum culture correlates with outcome in patients receiving treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest. 1998;113(2):379-386.
- 25. Hesseling AC, Walzl G, Enarson DA, et al. Baseline sputum time to detection predicts month two culture conversion and relapse in non-HIV-infected patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14(5):560-570.
- 26. Pakasi TA, Karyadi E, Wibowo Y, et al. Vitamin A deficiency and other factors associated with severe tuberculosis in Timor and Rote Islands, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(9):1130-1135.
- 27. Chegou NN, Sutherland JS, Malherbe S, et al. Diagnostic performance of a seven-marker serum protein biosignature for the diagnosis of active TB disease in African primary healthcare clinic attendees with signs and symptoms suggestive of TB. Thorax 2016; 71: 785–94.
- 28. Kost GJ. Goals, guidelines and principles for point-of-care testing. In: Principles and practice of point of care testing. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins;2002:3-12
- 29. Karyadi E, Schultink W, Nelwan RHH, Gross R, Amin Z, Dolmans WMV et al. (2000). Poor micronutrient status of active pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Indonesia. J ofNutr 130, 2953–2958.
- 30. Denkinger CM, Kik SV, Cirillo DM, et al. Defining the needs for next generation assays for tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2015;211 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S29-S38.
- 31. Furuhashi K, Shirai T, Suda T, Chida K. Inflammatory markers in active pulmonary tuberculosis: association with Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 balance. Kekkaku. 2012;87(1):1-7.
- 32. de Beer FC, Nel AE, Gie RP, Donald PR, Strachan AF. Serum amyloid A protein and C-reactive protein levels in pulmonary tuberculosis: relationship to amyloidosis. Thorax. 1984;39(3):196-200.
- 33. Bajaj G, Rattan A, Ahmad P. Prognostic value of ‘C’ reactive protein in tuberculosis. Indian Pediatr. 1989;26(10):1010-1013.
- 34. Walzl G, McNerney R, du Plessis N, et al. Tuberculosis: advances and challenges in development of new diagnostics and biomarkers. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(7):e199-e210.
- 35. Yong, Y., Tan, H., Saeidi, A., Wong, W., Vignesh, R., Velu, V., Eri, R., Larsson, M. and Shankar, E., 2020. Immune Biomarkers For Diagnosis And Treatment Monitoring Of Tuberculosis: Current Developments And Future Prospects.
- 36. Yoon C, Semitala FC, Atuhumuza E, et al. Point-of-care C-reactive protein-based tuberculosis screening for people living with HIV: a diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 7: 1285–92.
- 37. Hayden MS, Ghosh S. Shared principles in NF-kappaB signaling. Cell. 2008;132(3):344-362.
- 38. Juffermans NP, Dekkers PE, Verbon A, Speelman P, van Deventer SJ, van der Poll T. Concurrent upregulation of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and CD11b during tuberculosis and experimental endotoxemia. Infect Immun. 2001;69(8):5182-5185.
- 39. Lawn SD, Rudolph D, Wiktor S, Coulibaly D, Ackah A, Lal RB. Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV infection are independently associated with elevated serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor receptor type 1 and beta2-microglobulin, respectively. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000;122(1):79-84.
- 40. van de Stolpe A, van der Saag PT. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1. J Mol Med (Berl). 1996;74(1):13-33.
- 41. Montefort S, Holgate ST. Adhesion molecules and their role in inflammation. Respir Med. 1991;85(2):91-99.
- 42. Edwards D, Kirkpatrick CH. The immunology of mycobacterial diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134(5):1062-1071.
- 43. Budnik A, Grewe M, Gyufko K, Krutmann J. Analysis of the production of soluble ICAM-1 molecules by human cells. Exp Hematol. 1996;24(2):352-359.
- 44. Sidenius N, Sier CF, Blasi F. Shedding and cleavage of the urokinase receptor (uPAR): identification and characterisation of uPAR fragments in vitro and in vivo. FEBS Lett. 2000;475(1):52-56.
- 45. Eugen-Olsen J, Gustafson P, Sidenius N, et al. The serum level of soluble urokinase receptor is elevated in tuberculosis patients and predicts mortality during treatment: a community study from Guinea-Bissau. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6(8):686-692.
- 46. Annunziato F, Manetti R, Tomasévic I, et al. Expression and release of LAG-3-encoded protein by human CD4+ T cells are associated with IFN-gamma production. FASEB J. 1996;10(7):769-776.
- 47. Lienhardt C, Azzurri A, Amedei A, et al. Active tuberculosis in Africa is associated with reduced Th1 and increased Th2 activity in vivo. Eur J Immunol. 2002;32(6):1605-1613.
- 48. Cooper AM, D’Souza C, Frank AA, Orme IM. The course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the lungs of mice lacking expression of either perforin- or granzyme-mediated cytolytic mechanisms. Infect Immun. 1997;65(4):1317-1320.
- 49. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016
- 50. Hosp M, Elliott AM, Raynes JG, et al. Neopterin, beta 2-microglobulin, and acute phase proteins in HIV-1-seropositive and -seronegative Zambian patients with tuberculosis. Lung. 1997;175(4): 265-275.
- 51. Cox KL, Devanarayan V, Kriauciunas A, et al. Immunoassay Methods. 2012 May 1 [Updated 2019 Jul 8]. In: Sittampalam GS, Grossman A, Brimacombe K, et al., editors. Assay Guidance Manual [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Tran slational Sciences; 2004-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92434/
- 52. Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Nienhaus A. Predictive value of interferon- γ release assays and tuber-culin skin testing for progression from latent TB infection to disease state: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2012;142(1):63-75.
- 53. Bray C, Bell LN, Liang H, et al. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-reactive Protein Measurements and Their Relevance in Clinical Medicine. WMJ. 2016;115(6):317-321.
- 54. Mori T, Sakatani M, Yamagishi F, et al. Specific detection of tuberculosis infection: an interferon-gamma-based assay using new antigens. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:59-64.
- 55. Porvaznik I, Mokry J, Solovic I. Drug resistance to anti-tuberculotics in children - three years status in Slovakia. Acta Medica Martiniana [Internet]. 2014 Mar 12 [cited 2020 Aug 08];13(3):18–22. Available from: https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/acm/13/3/article-p18.xml
- 56. Sigal GB, Segal MR, Mathew A, et al. Biomarkers of Tuberculosis Severity and Treatment Effect: A Directed Screen of 70 Host Markers in a Randomized Clinical Trial. EBioMedicine. 2017;25:112-121.
- 57. Chegou NN, Black GF, Loxton AG, et al. Potential of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection phase-dependent antigens in the diagnosis of TB disease in a high burden setting. BMC Infect Dis 2012;12:10.
- 58. Wallis RS, Wang C, Doherty TM, et al. Biomarkers for tuberculosis disease activity, cure, and relapse. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10:68–9
- 59. Stek, C., Allwood, B., Walker, N., Wilkinson, R., Lynen, L. and Meintjes, G., 2020. The Immune Mechanisms Of Lung Parenchymal Damage In Tuberculosis And The Role Of Host-Directed Therapy.
- 60. Choi CM, Kang CI, Jeung WK, Kim DH, Lee CH, Yim JJ. Role of the C-reactive protein for the diagnosis of TB among military personnel in South Korea. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11(2):233-236.
- 61. Flesch IE, Kaufmann SH. Activation of tuberculostatic macrophage functions by gamma interferon, interleukin-4, and tumor necrosis factor. Infect Immun. 1990;58(8):2675-2677. doi:10.1128/IAI.58.8.2675-2677.1990
- 62. Dohal M, Porvaznik I, Kusnir P, Mokry J. Whole-Genome Sequencing in Relation to Resistance of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Acta Medica Martiniana [Internet]. 2019 May 10 [cited 2020 Aug 08];19(1):12–21. Available from:https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/acm/19/1/article-p12.xml
- 63. Ates Guler S, Bozkus F, Inci M, F, Kokoglu O, F, Ucmak H, Ozden S, Yuksel M: Evaluation of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Immunocompetent Adults: A Retrospective Case Series Analysis. Med Princ Pract 2015;24:75-79.
- 64. Tierney, D. and Nardell, E., 2018. Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) - Infectious Diseases - MSD Manual Professional Edition. [online] MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: <https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/mycobacteria/extrapulmonary-tuberculosis-tb> [Accessed 18 November 2020].
- 65. Jilani TN, Avula A, Zafar Gondal A, et al. Active Tuberculosis. [Updated 2020 Aug 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513246/