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Learning from Failure: Hybrid Fabrication of a Gridshell Canopy Structure Using Timber Battens and 3D Printers Cover

Learning from Failure: Hybrid Fabrication of a Gridshell Canopy Structure Using Timber Battens and 3D Printers

Open Access
|May 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Physical form-finding workshop: funicular membranes using fabric and candle wax
Physical form-finding workshop: funicular membranes using fabric and candle wax

Figure 2.

The seven proposed designs (depicted at similar scale): three large gridshell structures on the left, smaller proposals – including the selected one – on the right
The seven proposed designs (depicted at similar scale): three large gridshell structures on the left, smaller proposals – including the selected one – on the right

Figure 3.

(a) Pre- and post-revised versions of the prototype, and (b) sketch used during the discussion on the design of the canopy for structural enhancement
(a) Pre- and post-revised versions of the prototype, and (b) sketch used during the discussion on the design of the canopy for structural enhancement

Figure 4.

Distribution of the 168 timber battens across the structure
Distribution of the 168 timber battens across the structure

Figure 5.

Standard design components of a node
Standard design components of a node

Figure 6.

Most common mistakes during the early design of the nodes: (a) excessive use of material, (b) open edges in the models, (c) cable holes interfering with timber battens, and (d) wrong positioning of the bolt holes
Most common mistakes during the early design of the nodes: (a) excessive use of material, (b) open edges in the models, (c) cable holes interfering with timber battens, and (d) wrong positioning of the bolt holes

Figure 7.

Contrasting sizes and complexities of the nodes. Node 58 connects battens of the smallest cross-section (3.5 × 15 cm), while node 30 connects battens of the largest cross-section (4.4 × 2.2 cm), as well as the “column” and “canopy” sections. It also includes holes to anchor the tension cables. Since node 30 is split for assembly, the letters U and B are added after the node number to indicate the “upper” and “bottom” positions
Contrasting sizes and complexities of the nodes. Node 58 connects battens of the smallest cross-section (3.5 × 15 cm), while node 30 connects battens of the largest cross-section (4.4 × 2.2 cm), as well as the “column” and “canopy” sections. It also includes holes to anchor the tension cables. Since node 30 is split for assembly, the letters U and B are added after the node number to indicate the “upper” and “bottom” positions

Figure 8.

Flowchart of the iterations in the design and production processes
Flowchart of the iterations in the design and production processes

Figure 9.

Assembly process of the first prototype in an open area of the campus
Assembly process of the first prototype in an open area of the campus

Figure 10.

Broken nodes in the canopy before redesign. The hand note says ‘broken bar’ and it refers to the only timber battens broken as a result of the collapse. The failure of the 3 highlighted nodes at the back was surprising
Broken nodes in the canopy before redesign. The hand note says ‘broken bar’ and it refers to the only timber battens broken as a result of the collapse. The failure of the 3 highlighted nodes at the back was surprising

Figure 11.

View of the (a) original column; details of some nodes (b) with poor performance, and (c) revised version of the column in PETG nodes
View of the (a) original column; details of some nodes (b) with poor performance, and (c) revised version of the column in PETG nodes

Figure 12.

Assembly process of the second prototype
Assembly process of the second prototype

Figure 13.

Deflection of the canopy
Deflection of the canopy

Figure 14.

Performance of the nodes during the extreme deformation of the canopy
Performance of the nodes during the extreme deformation of the canopy

Characteristics of the 103 nodes

SectionQuantitywall thicknessCross section (cm)bolt diameter (mm)
Column547 mm4.4 × 2.45
Canopy415 mm4 × 24
254 mm4 × 1.54
483 mm3.5 × 1.53

Initial course schedule

weekStageContents / activity
2Understanding Freeform Gridshell StructuresForm-finding methods workshop I (computational)
3Form-finding methods workshop II (physical)
4Designing a freeform using gridshell structures
5Designing a Freeform Gridshell StructureDesign proposals: fabrication and disassembly issues
63D model development (nodes, battens, organization)
7Design of nodes & battens
8Midterm Exam WeekDelivery: Design of all nodes / 3D printing setup
9Making a Freeform Gridshell Structure3D printing / fabrication of battens
103D printing / fabrication of battens
11Assembling of parts
12(Dis-) assembling a Freeform Gridshell StructureTest Installation on campus
13Disassemble / Re-assemble
14Final Installation
15Final Exam WeekDelivery: Report & digital archive

Implemented schedule

weekmain activitytools / equipment
2 – 3lectures on form-finding methods & gridshell structures (principles)none
4workshop on funicular models & design competition explainedspare fabric & melted candle wax
5Selection of proposal for prototypingvisualizations - Rhino / GH models
6Redesign of the selected proposal & 3D model developmentRhino / GH models
7Final design was ready / Column nodes are distributed among students for designRhino model
8All column nodes were readyRhino model
9 – 11Column: 3D printing (after G-codes are prepared) & preparation of timber battens; Canopy: design of nodes is developedRhino model, Prusa / Wanhao / Creality 3D printers, Prusa Slicer, Timber (@University's workshop)
12Assembly test of the columnbasic power tools
13 – 15Canopy: All nodes are designed and 3D printed. Preparation of all timber battens.Rhino model, Prusa / Wanhao / Creality 3D printers, Prusa Slicer, Timber (@University's workshop)
16*Full assembly of the first prototypebasic power tools, scaffolding

Characteristics of the 168 timber battens

SectionQuantityCross section (cm)Average length (cm)longest - shortest (cm)
Column544.4 × 2.449.194.3 − 32.6
Canopy414 × 243.183.9 − 20.9
254 × 1.546.575.5 − 32.8
483.5 × 1.549.483.1 − 19.8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2025-0011 | Journal eISSN: 2720-6947 | Journal ISSN: 1899-0142
Language: English
Page range: 143 - 160
Submitted on: Jun 23, 2024
Accepted on: Dec 9, 2024
Published on: May 10, 2025
Published by: Silesian University of Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Gökalp Kalfa, Mauricio Morales-Beltran, Elif Kir, Ece Hepmutlu, Ecenur Kizilörenli, published by Silesian University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.