Design Concept of Variable, Flat Cut Bending-Active Shells

Figures & Tables

Material	Flexural Strength/Modulus Ratio (MPa/GPa)	Manufacturing Techniques	Embodied Carbon (kgCO₂e/kg)	Already employed in Bending-active Structures	Density (kg/m³)
NFRP	10–50	3D Printing, CNC Drilling	Variable; lower than GFRP	Yes – furniture scale	800 to 1500
Plywood	4–11.13	CNC Cutting, Molding	1.07	yes	500–800
Glulam	2.07–2.45	Lamination CNC	0.512	yes	400–700
Timber, bamboo	1–11	Cutting, Shaping	0.493	yes	400–700
GFRP	10–12.5	CNC Cutting	2.63 to 6.72	yes	1800 to 2100

CRITERIUM	Plywood	NFRP
Material Ratio (R)	9.09	13.25
Manufacturing challenges	Production of waste	Fiber alignment sensitivity
Embodied Carbon (kgCO₂) - temporary usage	869 – 1390	1133 to 2124
Embodied Carbon (kgCO₂) - permanent usage	1001–1602	1287 to 2413
Erection challenges	Very slow erection process, especially for thick structures; risk of rupture	Succeeded at small scale and large curvature, no available data from architectural projects
Usage challenges	May require maintenance	Humidity, may require protection from agents
Recyclability	Mechanical	Mechanical or chemical (emerging)

Scenario	Plywood	NFRP
Temporary usage q_h,t = 0.5 kN/m²	ΔbentΔloaded=1/125t=4.85 cm \begin{matrix} \frac{\Delta \text{bent}}{\Delta \text{loaded}}=1/125 \\ \text{t}=4.85\ \text{cm} \\ \end{matrix}	ΔbentΔloaded=1/131t=4.05 cm \begin{matrix} \frac{\Delta \text{bent}}{\Delta \text{loaded}}=1/131 \\ \text{t}=4.05\ \text{cm} \\ \end{matrix}
Prolonged usage q_v = 0.5 kN/m² q_h,p = 0.5 kN/m²	ΔbentΔloaded=1/277t=5.60 cm \begin{matrix} \frac{\Delta \text{bent}}{\Delta \text{loaded}}=1/277 \\ \text{t}=5.60\ \text{cm} \\ \end{matrix}	ΔbentΔloaded=1/277t=4.60 cm \begin{matrix} \frac{\Delta \text{bent}}{\Delta \text{loaded}}=1/277 \\ \text{t}=4.60\ \text{cm} \\ \end{matrix}

Material	Methods	Options	Cost	Barries	Markets drivers
NFRP	Mechanical	Recover	Low	Degraded mech. proprieties	Automotive industry, consumer goods, energy production
NFRP	Thermal	Repurpose	Medium	Research uncertainties	Automotive components, industrial applications
Plywood	Mechanical	Reuse, Repurpose, Recover	Low	Degradation from exposure	Construction industry, furniture manufacturing, energy production
Glulam	Mechanical	Reuse, Repurpose, Recover	Low Medium Low	Adhesives complicate separation	Building and construction, energy production
Timber, bamboo	Mechanical	Reuse, Repurpose, Recover	Low	Possible degraded mech. proprieties	Building and construction, consumer industry, energy production
GFRP	Mechanical	Reuse, Repurpose	Low	Possible degraded mech. proprieties Potential for harmful emissions	Construction industry, energy production, energy production
GFRP	Thermal, Chemical	Repurpose, Recover	High	High energy consumption	Aerospace, automotive, sports equipment