Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
The goals of revitalisation were achieved in selected implementations_ Authors’ elaboration
| The goals of revitalisation | Agrotopia | La Cité Maraîchère | Abattoir BIGH |
|---|---|---|---|
| urban and architectural | |||
| renovation/modernisation | • | ∘ | • |
| conscious development of the cultural landscape | ∘ | • | • |
| technical | |||
| improving the quality of road infrastructure | ∘ | • | • |
| improving the quality of technical infrastructure | • | • | • |
| social | |||
| stopping the development of negative social trends | ∘ | • | • |
| counteracting pathologies and social exclusion | • | • | • |
| improving the state of security | ∘ | • | • |
| economical | |||
| promotion of entrepreneurship | • | • | • |
| development of tourism | ∘ | ∘ | ∘ |
| implementation of commercial projects | • | • | • |
| environmental | |||
| improvement of the state of the natural environment | • | • | • |
| elimination of pollution and emissions | • | • | • |
Functional analysis of selected cases_ Author’s elaboration
| area [sqm] | Agrotopia (Inagro) | La Cité Maraîchère | Abattoir BIGH |
|---|---|---|---|
| floor area/non-agricultural/ | 170 | 98 | 1.051 |
| communication | 221 | 305 | 568 |
| indoor agriculture | 5.307 | 1.213 | 1.321 |
| agriculture/communication | 379 | 234 | 1.654 |
| technical area | 2.338 | 473 | 46 |
| publicly-opened area | 2.443 | 333 | 337 |
| SIMPLIFIED TOTAL AREA (including construction) | 10.858 | 2.656 | 4.977 |
Average greenhouse sizes in France, Belgium and the Netherlands around 2012 and the related studied example_ The author’s elaboration is based on [51, 69–72]
| Belgium | France | the Netherlands | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Surface (out of which vegetable) | 1.27 (0.6) ha | 8.30 (3.14) ha | (3.81) ha |
| Covered surface | no data provided | 2,60 ha | 3,1 ha |
| source | (Rogge, Nevens and Gulinck 2008; Greenhouse Horticulture 2016) | (The Agricultural Counsellor 2021) | (Average utilized agricultural area n.d.; cbs Statistics Netherlands n.d.) |
| Agrotopia | La Cité Maraîchère | Abattoir BIGH | |
| Surface | 1.08 ha | 0.21 ha | 1.43 ha |
| (out of which vegetable) | (0.53) ha | (0.12) ha | (0.13) ha |
Quantitative results of literature searches in Web of Science and Elicit_org databases_ Authors’ elaboration based on databases analysis as of 20_07_2023
| keyword search | Web of Science | Elicit.org |
|---|---|---|
| urban agriculture + revitalisation | 15 [20–23] | >50 |
| urban agriculture + revitalisation + housing | 1 [24] | >50 |
| urban agriculture + revitalisation + Europe | 0 | >50 |
| urban agriculture + revitalisation + housing + Europe | 0 | >50 [25–33] |
Summary of elements of the low-cost specialisation business model of the analysed farms_ The author’s elaboration is based on [29]
| Agrotopia | La Cité Maraîchère | Abattoir BIGH | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Customer segments | People from the area requesting fresh vegetables | People from the area requesting fresh vegetables | People from the area requesting fresh vegetables |
| Agro-food industries | Families willing to cultivate plants | People from the area requesting leisure activities/enjoyment | |
| - | - | Families willing to cultivate plants | |
| Value proposition | Courses/Education | Courses/Education | Courses/Education |
| Low cost: economies of scale, partly also direct marketing | Low cost: economies of scale, partly also direct marketing | Rent-a-field (social fund) | |
| Specialities (niches) | - | Low cost: economies of scale, partly also direct marketing | |
| - | - | Specialities (niches) | |
| Channels | On-farm | On-farm | On-farm |
| Agro-food industries | Agro business | Agro-food industries | |
| Customer relationships | Personal to agro-food industries | Dedicated personal assistance | Personal to agro-food industries |
| Revenue streams | Short supply chains | Short supply chains | Short supply chains |
| Product sales | Product sales | Product sales | |
| High turnover per farmland unit | High turnover per farmland unit | ||
| Key resources | Farm location | Farm location | Farm location |
| Machinery/Equipment | Machinery/Equipment | Machinery/Equipment | |
| Irrigation infrastructure | Irrigation infrastructure | Irrigation infrastructure | |
| Labour | Land | Labour | |
| - | Labour | - | |
| Key activities | Production and long supply chain marketing | Direct sale | Direct sale |
| Standardised activities: fresh vegetables | Standardised activities: fresh vegetables | Production and long supply chain marketing | |
| - | - | Standardised activities: fresh vegetables and fish | |
| Key partnerships | Associations | Associations | Associations |
| Agro-food industries | Thematic Networks | Thematic Networks | |
| Cost structure | Wages | Wages | Wages |
| Water and electricity | Water and electricity | Water and electricity | |
| Running costs | Running costs | Running costs | |
| Equipment and machinery | Training | Equipment and machinery | |
| Cost reduction via specialisation | Equipment and machinery | Cost reduction via specialisation | |
| Certification | - | Certification | |
| Key conclusion | Focusing on very few products; often this product is used to broaden income sources. | Focusing on very few products; often this product is used to broaden income sources. | Focusing on very few products; often this product is used to broaden income sources. |
| Agribusiness | Good accessibility | Agribusiness | |
| Good accessibility | - | Good accessibility |
Quantitative search results on professional portals_ Authors’ elaboration based on dezeen_com and archdaily_com as of 20_07_2023
| keyword search | www.dezeen.com | www.archdaily.com |
|---|---|---|
| urban agriculture | 85 | 12.660 |
| revitalisation | 104 | 177 |
| Europe | 1.294 | 16.932 |
| housing | 725 | 3.686 |
| urban agriculture, revitalisation, housing | 0 | 221 |
| urban agriculture, revitalisation, housing, Europe | 0 | 4 |
| urban farming, revitalisation, housing, Europe | 0 | 85 |
Implementation of the principles of Green Urbanism_ The author’s elaboration is based on [27]
| Agrotopia | La Cité Maraîchère | Abattoir BIGH | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy and materials | |||
| Local Food | • | • | • |
| Zero Waste Concept | • | • | • |
| Local Materials | ∘ | ∘ | ∘ |
| Renewable Energy | • | • | • |
| Socio-cultural features | |||
| Special strategies for developing cities | ∘ | ∘ | ∘ |
| Liveability, health and mixed-use | • | • | • |
| Cultural heritage | • | • | |
| Governance and leadership | • | • | • |
| Education and research | • | • | • |
| Urban planning and transport | |||
| Transport and public space | ∘ | • | • |
| Climate and context | • | • | • |
| Density and retrofitting | • | • | • |
| Green buildings and districts | • | • | • |
| Water and biodiversity | |||
| Landscape, gardens and biodiversity | • | • | • |
| Water management | • | • | • |