Figure 1.
![The exemplary level of Macro BIM model detailing. Graphic source: [5]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0022_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080348Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=dceaef99668d57796cd079dc3fef2fadced4a2df06730c22aaf1ec8718d0546c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Macro BIM process scheme. Authors’ study based on [5]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0022_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080348Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=d2659ed4b03076eda570be946d6bd07de5dcb412d5cdbc1dc5a1c81cb6ef8624&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Values before normalization
| Volume | Area | Storeys | Location | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | 38 422.20 | 7110.2 | 1 (3) | 1 |
| LP3 | 37 536.54 | 6 166.40 | 1 (2) | 0 |
| LP13 | 7244.94 | 1269.67 | 1 (2) | 0 |
| LP103 | 45 515.50 | 11957.3 | 1 (3) | 1 |
| LP107 | 25 739 | 4360.24 | 1 (2) | 0 |
| LP113 | 49 916.50 | 11737 | 1 (2) | 1 |
| LP122 | 1 229 | 500 | 0(1) | 0 |
Application of the Manhattan Method on normalized values without taking into account weights_ The table highlights the three best results
| Volume | Area | Storeys | Location | Distances | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP3 | 0.009801376 | 0.047779694 | 0 | 0.57735 | 0.634931339 |
| LP13 | 0.345030883 | 0.295675711 | 0 | 0.57735 | 1.218056863 |
| LP103 | 0.078499764 | 0.245383508 | 0 | 0 | 0.323883272 |
| LP107 | 0.14036178 | 0.139216197 | 0 | 0.57735 | 0.856928246 |
| LP113 | 0.127204523 | 0.234230862 | 0 | 0 | 0.361435385 |
| LP122 | 0.411607775 | 0.334640107 | 0.4082483 | 0.57735 | 1.731846442 |
Basic data for calculations about the sample and reference objects
| sample: | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP53 | 38 422.20 | L (7110.2 m2) | F - 3 | Warszawa | U |
| reference objects: | |||||
| ID | Building volume [m3] | Object size according to area [m2] (S/M/L) | Number of storeys (O/F/M) | Location | Location Type (Rural, Urban, Capital) |
| LP3 | 37 536.54 | L(6 166.40 m2) | F - 2 | Środa Śląska | U |
| LP13 | 7244.94 | M (1269.67 m2) | F - 2 | Dopiewo | R |
| LP103 | 45 515.50 | L (11957.3 m2) | F - 3 | Warszawa | C (same as sample) |
| LP107 | 25 739 | M (4360.24 m2) | F - 2 | Skokowa. gmina Prusice | R |
| LP113 | 49 916.50 | M (11737 m2) | F - 2 | Warszawa | C (same as sample) |
| LP122 | 1 229 | S * | O - 1 | Czarnów. Gmina Górzyca | R |
| LP123 | - | L | M - 3 | Toruń | U |
The notation of individual features and the resulting Euclidean distances for the objects (sample LP53 object – reference model indicated by ID)
| ID | Notation of individual features (vol.[m3], area [m2], encoded floors. encoded location) | Euclidean distance for the object | |
|---|---|---|---|
| LP53 | 38 422.2. 7 110.2. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 1 | (sample object) | |
| 1. | LP3 | 37 536.54. 6 166.40. 0. 1. 0. 0. 1. 0 | 1 294.27 |
| 2. | LP13 | 7244.94. 1269.67. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 0 | 31 719.60 |
| 3. | LP103 | 45 515.50. 11957.3. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 1 | 8 591.23 |
| 4. | LP107 | 25 739. 4360.24. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 0 | 15 434.16 |
| 5. | LP113 | 49 916.50. 11737. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 1 | 12 390.57 |
| 6. | LP122 | 1 229. 500. 1. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0 | 37 776.04 |
List of primary school facilities_ Selected data and cost values [PLN] per unit [m3]
| ID | Value of works according to the investor / initial estimated value [PLN] | Contract price [PLN] | Building volume [m3] | Investment value / volume [m3] | Contractual price per volume (price per m2) | Object size according to area [m2] (S/M/L) | Number of storeys (O/F/M) | Location | Location Type (Rural, Urban) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP3 | 43638488.13 | 46358700.00 | 37536.54 | 1162.56 | 1235.03 | L (6 166.40 m2) | F-2 | Środa Śląska | U |
| LP13 | 9310000.00 | 10091905.01 | 7244.94 | 1285.03 | 1392.96 | M (1269.67 m2) | F-2 | Dopiewo | R |
| LP53 | 48474598.56 | 50899568.95 | 38422.20 | 1261.63 | 1324.74 | L (7110.20 m2) | F-3 | Warszawa | U |
| LP103 | 60121311.66 | 68861788.62 | 45515.50 | 1320.90 | 1512.93 | L (11957.30 m2) | F-3 | Warszawa | U |
| LP107 | 11685000.00 | 13499681.03 | 25739.00 | 453.98 | 524.48 | M (4360.24 m2) | F-2 | Skokowa | R |
| LP113 | 72281756.60 | 74057723.57 | 49916.50 | 1448.05 | 1448.05 | M (11737.00 m2) | F-2 | Warszawa | U |
| LP122 | 2212520.91 | 2691987.73 | 1229.00 | 1800.26 | 2190.39 | S | O-1 | Czarnów | R |
| LP123 | 56910569.11 | 62448078.09 | - | - | - | L | M-3 | Toruń | U |
Determining the importance of criteria – Matrix for weight calculations
| Volume | Area | Storeys | Location | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Area | 0.5 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Storeys | 0.333333 | 0.333333 | 1 | 0.5 |
| Location | 0.333333 | 0.333333 | 2 | 1 |
Values after normalization
| Volume | Area | Storeys | Location | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | 0.425208809 | 0.359952511 | 0.4082483 | 0.57735 |
| LP3 | 0.415407433 | 0.312172817 | 0.4082483 | 0 |
| LP13 | 0.080177926 | 0.0642768 | 0.4082483 | 0 |
| LP103 | 0.503708573 | 0.605336019 | 0.4082483 | 0.57735 |
| LP107 | 0.284847029 | 0.220736314 | 0.4082483 | 0 |
| LP113 | 0.552413332 | 0.594183374 | 0.4082483 | 0.57735 |
| LP122 | 0.013601033 | 0.025312404 | 0 | 0 |
Application of the Manhattan Method on normalized values_ including calculated weights_ The table highlights the two best results
| Volume | Area | Storeys | Location | Distances | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP3 | 0.004264398 | 0.014773838 | 0 | 0.086647 | 0.105685637 |
| LP13 | 0.150116583 | 0.091425135 | 0 | 0.086647 | 0.328189119 |
| LP103 | 0.034153802 | 0.075874411 | 0 | 0 | 0.110028213 |
| LP107 | 0.061068826 | 0.043046687 | 0 | 0.086647 | 0.190762913 |
| LP113 | 0.055344345 | 0.07242593 | 0 | 0 | 0.127770275 |
| LP122 | 0.179082963 | 0.103473217 | 0.0431246 | 0.086647 | 0.412328177 |
Sorting by ranking according to the smallest differences for each 4 criteria_ Analysis of the best (smallest) results in terms of volume and area values as well as the number of floors and location
| scale 1-6 | scale 1-6 | scale 1-3 | scale 1-3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID | Rank position (smallest diff.) by volume criterion | Rank position (smallest diff.) by area criterion | Ranking position of the number of storeys compliance | Location type compatibility ranking | volume and area criterion | The criterion of the number of storeys and location |
| LP3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| LP13 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 5 |
| LP103 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 |
| LP107 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 5 |
| LP113 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 3 |
| LP122 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 6 |
| LP123 | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | 3 |
Comparison of geometric values of reference objects compared to the sample (differences)
| Sample: | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP53 | 38 422.20 | L (7110.2 m2) | F - 3 | Warszawa | U | ||||
| reference objects (compared): | |||||||||
| ID | Building volume [m3] | Percentage of diff. of the volume criterion from the sample | Object size according to area [m2] (S/M/L) | Percentage of diff. of the surface criterion from the sample | Number of storeys (O/F/M) | The diff. in the number of storeys in relation to sample | Location | Location Type (Rural. Urban) | Characteristics of the place |
| LP3 | 37536.54 | 2.31 | L (6 166.40 m2) | 13.27 | F - 2 | diff.: 1 | Środa Śląska | U | urban |
| LP13 | 7244.94 | 81.14 | M (1269.67 m2) | 82.14 | F - 2 | diff.: 1 | Dopiewo | R | rural |
| LP103 | 45515.50 | 18.46 | L (11957.30 m2) | 68.17 | F - 3 | the same | Warszawa | U | same (the capital) |
| LP107 | 25739.00 | 33.01 | M (4360.24 m2) | 38.68 | F - 2 | diff.: 1 | Skokowa | R | rural |
| LP113 | 49916.50 | 29.92 | M (11737.00 m2) | 65.07 | F - 2 | diff.: 1 | Warszawa | U | same (the capital) |
| LP122 | 1229.00 | 96.80 | S | huge diff. | O - 1 | diff.: 2 | Czarnów | R | rural |
| Lp123 | - | - | L | - | M - 3 | the same | Toruń | U | urban |