Hygrothermal Design of Connections in Wall Systems Insulated from the Inside in Historic Building

ORLIK-KOŻDOŃ, Bożena

doi:10.2478/acee-2024-0016

Figures & Tables

Graphic solutions of nodes such as: a) connection of the external wall with the internal one, b) connection of the ceiling with the external wall [13, 34, 35]

Test stand: a) location of sensors’ installation, b) method of sensors’ installation on the surface, (c) data logger

Flat corner in the non-insulated variant – W1

Flat corner in the partially insulated variant – W2

Flat corner in the insulated variant without ceiling insulation the in the form of strips – variant W3

Profiles of temperature changes on the surface of a flat and spatial corner in variant W1-W4

Profiles of the changes in relative humidity on the surface of a flat and spatial corner

Profiles of temperature changes on a flat surface

Profiles of the changes in relative humidity on a flat surface

Distribution of surface temperature field for the 3D/2D corner in a historical building: a) non-insulated (with a polystyrene strip minimizing the temperature drop on the edge), b) insulated (with an insulating strip on the ceiling)

Distribution of temperature field in the B1 area for the non-insulated 3D/2D corner in a historic building without insulation

Distribution of temperature field in the B1 area for the 2D/3D insulated corner in a historic building insulated from the inside

Distribution of temperature field on the surface of: a) 2D partially insulated corner, b) 2D fully insulated corner [30]

Results of numerical calculations for the external corner, with partial insulation 10 cm thick: a) node model, b, c) distribution of isotherms, d) distribution of heat flux density

Results of numerical calculations for the external corner, with comprehensive insulation 10 cm thick: a) node model, b, c) distribution of isotherms, d) distribution of heat flux density

Surface temperature changes and the effective value of the fRsi factor for insulated outer corner

Surface temperature changes and the effective value of the fRsi factor for a partially insulated outer corner

Envelope model – non-insulated brick wall – W1. Distribution of isotherms in the node

Envelope model – insulated brick wall – W2. Distribution of isotherms in the node: a), b) top, c) bottom, d) cross-section

Envelope model – insulated brick wall – W3. Distribution of isotherms in the node: a), b) top, c) bottom, d) cross-section

Envelope model – insulated brick wall – W4. Distribution of isotherms in the node: a), b) top, c) bottom, d) cross-section

Envelope model – insulated brick wall – W4_1. Distribution of isotherms in the node: a), b) top, c) bottom, d) cross-section

Envelope model – insulated brick wall – W5. Distribution of isotherms in the node

Local changes in the temperature field for the detail W4_1, in the 3D node: a) top, b) bottom

Changes in heat flux density for a brick wall (38 cm) insulated with the material with thermal resistance of 0.5÷5.0 [m2 K/W]

Procedure for selecting the type and thickness of insulation at the connections in wall systems insulated from the inside

Cumulative results of corner calculations

Thermal resistance of insulation R [(m²·K)/W]	Thermal coupling coefficient L_e2D [W/(m²·K)]		Linear thermal transmittance coefficient ψ_e[W/(m·K)]
Thermal resistance of insulation R [(m²·K)/W]	Insulated corner	Partially insulated corner	Insulated corner	Partially insulated corner
0	2.952	2.952	-0.578	-0.578
0.5	1.672	2.230	-0.460	-0.634
1.0	1.201	2.015	-0.385	-0.599
1.5	0.932	1.882	-0.330	-0.471
2.0	0.758	1.787	-0.290	-0.459
2.5	0.626	1.707	-0.270	-0.464
3.0	0.552	1.655	-0.230	-0.458

Summary of surface temperature values and fRsi factor at places T1D/T2D/T3D for variants of the W1÷W5 system

	Temperature [°C]					Factor f_Rsi [–]
	W1	W2	W3	W4	W5	W1	W2	W3	W4	W5
T1_g	8.49	8.41	16.90	17.02	16.98	0.712	0.710	0.923	0.925	0.925
T2_g	2.13	9.90	14.10	14.32	13.48	0.553	0.748	0.853	0.858	0.837
T3_g	1.14	8.47	11.20	11.27	13.23	0.529	0.648	0.780	0.782	0.831
T3_d	–4.21	–4.19	0.00	–5.14	11.69	0.395	0.442	0.475	0.372	0.792

Differences in surface temperature values of the tested corner systems

	Surface temperature difference ΔT[°C]
	Sp3–Sp1	Sp3–Sp2	Sp2–Sp1
Historic building	4.3	3.4	0.9
Historic building with thermal insulation of the envelopes	4.7	3.1	1.6

List of thermal and moisture parameters for the wall S1

No.	Layer	Thickness d[m]	Density [kg/m³]	Thermal conductivity index λ [W/(m·K)]	Diffusion resistance factor μ [–]
1.	Solid brick on cement-lime mortar	0.38	1800	0.60	15.0
2.	Leveling layer of cement-lime plaster	0.015	1900	0.80	19.0
3.	System adhesive mortar	0.01	833	0.015	15.1
4.	Lightweight cellular concrete slabs	0.10	115	0.04	4.1
5.	System finishing layer	0.01	833	0.015	15.1

Thermal conductivity of the materials used to build the model

	Brick wall	Plaster	Thermal insulation	Wooden beam	Plaster boardd	OSB plate
λ	0.77	1.00	0.04	0.16/0.13	0.32	0.13
d [m]	0.38/0.25	0.15	0.10	0.14×0.20	0.0125	0.02

Temperature values at the points W4 and W4_1 indicated on the details

Location	Temperature at point [°C]
Location		Variant W4_1	Variant W4
Beam support	T1	–13.42	–2.26
	T2	–14.6	–6.67
	T3	–8.52	–6.47
	T4	9.23	10.52
	T5	15.53	–
	T6	14.45	14.88
Node 3D_ (bottom)	T1	16.80	4.06
	T2	13.72	–1.93
	T3	5.92	–5.14
Node 3D_ (top)	T1	16.99	17.02
	T2	14.38	14.32
	T3	10.71	11.27

Hygrothermal Design of Connections in Wall Systems Insulated from the Inside in Historic Building

Figures & Tables

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Cumulative results of corner calculations

Summary of surface temperature values and fRsi factor at places T1D/T2D/T3D for variants of the W1÷W5 system

Differences in surface temperature values of the tested corner systems

List of thermal and moisture parameters for the wall S1

Thermal conductivity of the materials used to build the model

Temperature values at the points W4 and W4_1 indicated on the details

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