Figure 1.
Calculation of seasonal heat demand factor for a residential and commercial building – own study by M. Rozpondek and G. Kasprzyk based on [18]: (Te – design external temperature [°C], Sd – heating degree days [K·d])
Figure 2.
Principles and methods of designing low-energy buildings; own study M. Rozpondek and G. Kasprzyk based on [22]
Table 1.
Comparison of final energy consumption in the residential sector by purpose in 2019 – own study based on [27]
| Purpose | Share in final energy consumption, %. | |
|---|---|---|
| EU-28 | Poland | |
| Heating | 63.6 | 63.2 |
| Water heating | 14.8 | 17.3 |
| Lighting and devices | 14.1 | 10.6 |
| Cooking | 6.1 | 8.9 |
| Space cooling | 0.4 | 0.0 |
| Other end uses | 1.0 | 0.0 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100,0 |
Table 2.
Share of carriers in energy consumption in heating of residential buildings in EU-28 and in Poland in 2017 and in 2019* [27]
| Countries | Shares of carriers in energy consumption for heating of residential buildings | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electricity | Heat delivered | Gas | Solid fuels | Oil and petroleum products | RES and waste | |
| EU-28 | 5.4 5.3* | 9.5 10.1* | 43.0 38.0* | 4.8 4.2* | 14.0 14.5* | 23.4 27.9* |
| Poland | 0.9 1.0* | 20.8 21.0* | 15.1 16.7* | 44.6 40.2* | 0.7 0.7* | 18.0 20.4* |
Table 3.
Shares of energy carriers in central heating and hot water installations in Poland in single-family buildings [32]
| Installation | Shares of energy carriers in installations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| coal | biomass | natural gas | electricity | solar energy | heating oil | |
| central heating | 51 | 20 | 27 | - | - | 2 |
| hot water | 22 | 15 | 40 | 14 | 9 | - |
Figure 3.
A diagram of solar energy conversion to electricity and heat in PVT hybrid solar panels with support of RSP rollable solar panels and central heating and hot water system using a heat pump and back-up pulse gas boiler; own study by M. Rozpondek and G. Kasprzyk
Figure 4.
Process diagram of the power generation system - ON GRID with energy storage using PVT hybrid solar panels and RSP rollable solar panels; own study by M. Rozpondek and G. Kasprzyk
Figure 5.
An example process diagram for a system of electricity, heat and cooling production using a dual-circuit heat pump and PVT-HP hybrid photovoltaic collectors, supported by a ground exchanger, a recuperator and rollable solar panels; own study by M. Rozpondek and G. Kasprzyk
Figure 6.
Examples of installation parameters of a rollable solar unit – in the structure of a mobile, energy-active shadow; own study by M. Rozpondek and G. Kasprzyk
Figure 7.
Comprehensive control system for access, utilities, power generation, and equipment of a smart residential home – own study by M. Rozpondek and G. Kasprzyk based on [46]
Figure 8.
Model of building, scale 1:50, in an actual location with a visible range of sun penetration in interior; personal photograph by Barbara Uherek-Bradecka, 2018
Figure 9.
Application of an energy active shading plane in a building with a gable roof: a – solution with continuation of the slope and optimum slope angle, b – with the change of the slope angle and deterioration of the active shading parameters, but in accordance with trends and aesthetics; own study by Barbara Uherek-Bradecka
Figure 10.
Solid solutions of author's architectural designs with various forms of energy active shading coatings; study by Barbara Uherek-Bradecka