Figure 1.
Figure 2.
![Self-Sufficient Skyscraper/New York and Home Farm/Cyberjaya – overall views, authors Terreform, S*Park. Source: [18, 19]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64b9094864573c28bc2b890f/j_acee-2023-0013_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBBM74A4T%2F20251212%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251212T225527Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCSDFPXoBx8KZl1JnEbdah40IdHkMYigz%2Fuc%2FSTS1xdfwIgKyEwuYwFB4fC1i%2FlmTTEeV11fS3x%2B3syRomnHgSkJ%2F8qvQUIEBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDNmcanWJdL7QX77z4yqaBSVVZ4aykYGiy0gH2aOP3Vvu6kOj%2FY9imVDLOK8ljiYEmNB6169t3NT6AmkKHLmzu95NZzeI58EuHBHBEAEMNOXtHwS128qFT0ElRsj39%2Flbu013o0xhAgHztYBlfBCcb2Y%2BrwLuSIIjdKPtoFq%2B0UX5F%2BT4tqXjeASF7qIDNs7WcUVCZ7owirnrNIjh1aNIfUDdQtDyYkJQlHtPLB4rQzDvWOzhqhiygdo8s3o0jvTQSFjob3PtidqI6ackbtGUXjIhXWvEnc8kcGN8vLlNVJccx%2FgOr0jIRUnLvuIxFVTJ7vCopRxpGGpBOV%2Bpx3B7vWF8h%2F7tv1k%2B8QDKOhxS3gKHiXzlVCeiOueMuT1wBoAyvjilmaIN1PBsaqE1Ukyt8TfyloJgKrhI%2BXDARz%2ByoGnuT59w%2B5cUqv4WQejYkz%2FGUcU1yD%2BVnCe13sXk5dVnxGAP3GcasUkwZsikRFFM%2FZN1VT7boO2nuftzTD3ImVWqEZWDQk6huPs0PJYb6LqVxYdQ%2B3uYUyyjfGWOu4Epb%2B6Rz59U57yGThYWQYq8mY0dYsOeVxa0UWQhfJRvBbmfkzVJRpC175ICQtac4q%2FjCbLe4UaheFseaDorrweOMyqzaXpkp3Jk5CV0BpwIonj84rnSm7QgXbmZIYyeSTGRU2rHLxpzHKRX%2F387PDEhFcYqGTM%2Blvv6U3Y7WDDTBCViADcZFPX6Fdj7cX4lOIOa4n64lz6DtBl%2BlORVDIFPy%2Br4HHJfvASeEX19GMNHBDk6MwNK8s8vX52VSyIfJYZaYdveCaT0GgP2MY4cqqTEzNmesazW0iE9SwWmdx%2Fs24wC5Dj%2Bq1HDAM%2BRQ8HhxV9iMIy4MU55JtB%2FaonrCcTWlLCPNGIMXP9TV%2BYSmDCGsvLJBjqxAcUMnNCUuGRg7%2Bbmf9HGOeVkesZWhTtnsGfFwGd0F%2FPCb%2Bajq6RvD2FM1fM95bITTq6hCyIeU9Q1KmvP1bsZHeUQ5UozZABX%2FBEQxpUD0SLMwtY3RHpnF2xUNxDcfAHNnKC5CaENpOT83ddozoTkNR5gJab5RnzbpL4I5GRopi504YJ%2BwoXE8wBySmT%2BW8GO8A93Vny0JEe8IV6igkgdyjQVBDFUTKoK41%2F6iF0P51S00Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=ce5aaf8b2818ca13135320a21ac1909b0b73723a24e2b319085cfba4d7a8919c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![Taisugar Circular Village/Tainan, author Yue-Lun Tsai and Secret Gardens/Montpellier, author Vincent Callebaut Architects – the overall view. Source: [20, 21]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64b9094864573c28bc2b890f/j_acee-2023-0013_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBBM74A4T%2F20251212%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251212T225527Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCSDFPXoBx8KZl1JnEbdah40IdHkMYigz%2Fuc%2FSTS1xdfwIgKyEwuYwFB4fC1i%2FlmTTEeV11fS3x%2B3syRomnHgSkJ%2F8qvQUIEBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDNmcanWJdL7QX77z4yqaBSVVZ4aykYGiy0gH2aOP3Vvu6kOj%2FY9imVDLOK8ljiYEmNB6169t3NT6AmkKHLmzu95NZzeI58EuHBHBEAEMNOXtHwS128qFT0ElRsj39%2Flbu013o0xhAgHztYBlfBCcb2Y%2BrwLuSIIjdKPtoFq%2B0UX5F%2BT4tqXjeASF7qIDNs7WcUVCZ7owirnrNIjh1aNIfUDdQtDyYkJQlHtPLB4rQzDvWOzhqhiygdo8s3o0jvTQSFjob3PtidqI6ackbtGUXjIhXWvEnc8kcGN8vLlNVJccx%2FgOr0jIRUnLvuIxFVTJ7vCopRxpGGpBOV%2Bpx3B7vWF8h%2F7tv1k%2B8QDKOhxS3gKHiXzlVCeiOueMuT1wBoAyvjilmaIN1PBsaqE1Ukyt8TfyloJgKrhI%2BXDARz%2ByoGnuT59w%2B5cUqv4WQejYkz%2FGUcU1yD%2BVnCe13sXk5dVnxGAP3GcasUkwZsikRFFM%2FZN1VT7boO2nuftzTD3ImVWqEZWDQk6huPs0PJYb6LqVxYdQ%2B3uYUyyjfGWOu4Epb%2B6Rz59U57yGThYWQYq8mY0dYsOeVxa0UWQhfJRvBbmfkzVJRpC175ICQtac4q%2FjCbLe4UaheFseaDorrweOMyqzaXpkp3Jk5CV0BpwIonj84rnSm7QgXbmZIYyeSTGRU2rHLxpzHKRX%2F387PDEhFcYqGTM%2Blvv6U3Y7WDDTBCViADcZFPX6Fdj7cX4lOIOa4n64lz6DtBl%2BlORVDIFPy%2Br4HHJfvASeEX19GMNHBDk6MwNK8s8vX52VSyIfJYZaYdveCaT0GgP2MY4cqqTEzNmesazW0iE9SwWmdx%2Fs24wC5Dj%2Bq1HDAM%2BRQ8HhxV9iMIy4MU55JtB%2FaonrCcTWlLCPNGIMXP9TV%2BYSmDCGsvLJBjqxAcUMnNCUuGRg7%2Bbmf9HGOeVkesZWhTtnsGfFwGd0F%2FPCb%2Bajq6RvD2FM1fM95bITTq6hCyIeU9Q1KmvP1bsZHeUQ5UozZABX%2FBEQxpUD0SLMwtY3RHpnF2xUNxDcfAHNnKC5CaENpOT83ddozoTkNR5gJab5RnzbpL4I5GRopi504YJ%2BwoXE8wBySmT%2BW8GO8A93Vny0JEe8IV6igkgdyjQVBDFUTKoK41%2F6iF0P51S00Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=c7c18d0c54d24bc536f7775ebaa10e111a0c8406ca22e259a83eee049ff262db&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
![S*Park/Denver and Grow Community/Bainsbridge – overall views. Source [22], made available thanks to the courtesy of Deborah Henderson from GROW Community](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64b9094864573c28bc2b890f/j_acee-2023-0013_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBBM74A4T%2F20251212%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251212T225527Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCSDFPXoBx8KZl1JnEbdah40IdHkMYigz%2Fuc%2FSTS1xdfwIgKyEwuYwFB4fC1i%2FlmTTEeV11fS3x%2B3syRomnHgSkJ%2F8qvQUIEBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDNmcanWJdL7QX77z4yqaBSVVZ4aykYGiy0gH2aOP3Vvu6kOj%2FY9imVDLOK8ljiYEmNB6169t3NT6AmkKHLmzu95NZzeI58EuHBHBEAEMNOXtHwS128qFT0ElRsj39%2Flbu013o0xhAgHztYBlfBCcb2Y%2BrwLuSIIjdKPtoFq%2B0UX5F%2BT4tqXjeASF7qIDNs7WcUVCZ7owirnrNIjh1aNIfUDdQtDyYkJQlHtPLB4rQzDvWOzhqhiygdo8s3o0jvTQSFjob3PtidqI6ackbtGUXjIhXWvEnc8kcGN8vLlNVJccx%2FgOr0jIRUnLvuIxFVTJ7vCopRxpGGpBOV%2Bpx3B7vWF8h%2F7tv1k%2B8QDKOhxS3gKHiXzlVCeiOueMuT1wBoAyvjilmaIN1PBsaqE1Ukyt8TfyloJgKrhI%2BXDARz%2ByoGnuT59w%2B5cUqv4WQejYkz%2FGUcU1yD%2BVnCe13sXk5dVnxGAP3GcasUkwZsikRFFM%2FZN1VT7boO2nuftzTD3ImVWqEZWDQk6huPs0PJYb6LqVxYdQ%2B3uYUyyjfGWOu4Epb%2B6Rz59U57yGThYWQYq8mY0dYsOeVxa0UWQhfJRvBbmfkzVJRpC175ICQtac4q%2FjCbLe4UaheFseaDorrweOMyqzaXpkp3Jk5CV0BpwIonj84rnSm7QgXbmZIYyeSTGRU2rHLxpzHKRX%2F387PDEhFcYqGTM%2Blvv6U3Y7WDDTBCViADcZFPX6Fdj7cX4lOIOa4n64lz6DtBl%2BlORVDIFPy%2Br4HHJfvASeEX19GMNHBDk6MwNK8s8vX52VSyIfJYZaYdveCaT0GgP2MY4cqqTEzNmesazW0iE9SwWmdx%2Fs24wC5Dj%2Bq1HDAM%2BRQ8HhxV9iMIy4MU55JtB%2FaonrCcTWlLCPNGIMXP9TV%2BYSmDCGsvLJBjqxAcUMnNCUuGRg7%2Bbmf9HGOeVkesZWhTtnsGfFwGd0F%2FPCb%2Bajq6RvD2FM1fM95bITTq6hCyIeU9Q1KmvP1bsZHeUQ5UozZABX%2FBEQxpUD0SLMwtY3RHpnF2xUNxDcfAHNnKC5CaENpOT83ddozoTkNR5gJab5RnzbpL4I5GRopi504YJ%2BwoXE8wBySmT%2BW8GO8A93Vny0JEe8IV6igkgdyjQVBDFUTKoK41%2F6iF0P51S00Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=b2eb980d9bb932e0134d0a8fa6f0086e883db7002f14ff3934a2e0f524432ef1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Summary of the basic data of the analysed multi-family residential buildings completed between 2013 and 2022 that are a combination of architecture and greenery_ Author's own elaboration
| name | Vivalto Building | Bosco Verticale | Trudo Vertical Forest | Gardenhouse (mixed-use apartments) | Vindmølle bakken Housing (cohousing) | Gardenia Apartments | House Of The Flying Trees | Maison New Farm | Zuiderzicht Antwerp Residential Complex | |
| location | Quito/Ecuador | Milano / Italy | Eindhoven / Holland | Los Angeles / USA | Stavanger/Norway | Rohrmoser, San José / Costa Rica | Riga / Latvia | New Farm / Australia | Antwerp / Holland | |
| years | 2013 | 2007–2014 | 2017–2021 | −2020 | 2017–2020 | −2021 | −2021 | −2021 | 2014–2021 | |
| designer | Najas Arquitectos: Esteban Najas Raad | Stefano Boeri Architetti | Stefano Boeri Architetti | MAD Architects | Helen & Hard | Studio Saxe | Open AD | Graya + Joe Adsett Architects | KCAP Architects & Planners + evr-Architecten | |
| client | COIMA Sgr (ex HINES Italia s.r.l.) | Sint Trudo | Palisades Capital Partners LLC | Solon Eiendom and Indigo Vekst | Saxe Development Group | R. Evolution City | Frank Developments | Triple Living | ||
| multi-family housing typology | single-module development / tower block | |||||||||
| multi-module development | ||||||||||
| corridor | ||||||||||
| gallery | ||||||||||
| mixed with single-family housing (low-rise, high-dense) | ||||||||||
| forms of introducing greenery | flower pots along internal railings | |||||||||
| flower pots along external railings | ||||||||||
| green wall | ||||||||||
| backyard garden (at ground level) | ||||||||||
| green roof | ||||||||||
| green balcony / loggia | ||||||||||
| green terrace | ||||||||||
| atrium |
Summary of analyzed urban buildings combining the multi-family residential function with agriculture in 2010–2021_ Author's own elaboration
| name | Self-Sufficient Skyscraper | Home Farm | S*Park | Taisugar Village Circular | Grow Community | Secret Gardens | Evergreen 365 | ||
| location | New York, USA | Singapore | 26th & Lawrence Streets Denver, USA | Wudong, Gueiren District, Tainan City, Taiwan | Bainsbridge Island, New York, USA | Zac EAI, Quartier de la Cité Créative, Montpellier, France | Grochowska / Bukowska Str., Poznań, Poland | ||
| year | design | 2010 | 2014 | n.d. | 2017 | 2012–2014 | 2021 | 2013 | |
| realisation | n.d. | n.d. | 2018 | 2021 | 2014–2020 | 2024 | 2016 | ||
| designer | Terreform | SPARK Architects | Tres Birds | Bio-Architecture Formosana | Davis Design Studio | Vincent Callebaut Architects, Emmanuelle Navarro | Pracownia Architektoni czna Insomia | ||
| client | Venice Biennale of Architecture | World Architecture Festival 2015, HSB Medical | Westfield Company, Inc. | Taiwan Sugar Corporation | Bainbridge Island Holdings, Bainbridge Community Development LLC | Bouygues Immobilier + Vestia Promotion | Masterm Bukowska sp. z o.o. | ||
| plot area [ha] | 0.86 | 4.94 | 1.13 | 1.39 | 3.20 | 0.56 | 0.33 | ||
| floor area by function[sqm] | residential | 14,864,55 | 32,791.01 | 17.075,95 | 28.580,53 | 16.915,15 | 8.950,00 | 5.150,00 | |
| agricultural | 56.490,01 | 14.800,00 | 668,91 | 1.387,90 | 144,00 | 90,00 | 84,00 | ||
| commmercial | 25.213,99 | 13.846,05 | 650,32 | 1.609,50 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 1.723,00 | ||
| indoor parking | 0,00 | 24.985,70 | 1.858,06 | 4.500,00 | 4.248,00 | 3.673,00 | 1.900,00 | ||
| number of overground storeys | 35 | 11 | 2–3 | 2–8 | 2–3 | 6–7 | 1–6 | ||
| number of underground storeys | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| housing | multi-family housing typology | single-module development / tower block | |||||||
| multi-module developlet | |||||||||
| corridor | |||||||||
| gallery | |||||||||
| single-family housing typology | detached | ||||||||
| semi-detached | |||||||||
| terraced | |||||||||
| parameters | apartments' usabe floor area [sqm] | 55,74–74,32 | 36–165 | 48,23 – 215,72 | 25–48 | 92–145 | 41,3–119,70 | 41,5–93 | |
| number of apartments - multi-family housing | 128 | 300 | 91 | 351 | 155 | 117 | 51 | ||
| number of apartments - single-family housing | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 0 | ||
| number of parking lots | n.d. | n.d. | 139 | n.d. | 178 | 118 | n.d. | ||
| commercial usable floor area [sqm] | 20.810,36 | 13.846,05 | 0 | 1387,9 | 0 | 41 | 1700 | ||
| greenhouse area [sqm] | 36.656,16 | 7500 | 668,91 | 503 | 144 | 90 | 84 | ||
| inhabitant's profile | multigenerational families (2+2+1–3) | ||||||||
| atomic families (1 – 2) | |||||||||
| statistical (2+1–3) | |||||||||
| power-supply systems | RES | solar panels | |||||||
| wind turbines | |||||||||
| traditional | |||||||||
| n.d. | |||||||||
| roof geometry | above residential function | flat | |||||||
| gable | |||||||||
| above parking | flat | ||||||||
| flat - green | |||||||||
| above greenhouse | gable | ||||||||
| saw-tooth | |||||||||
| flat | |||||||||
| forms of introducing greenery | flower pots along internal railings | ||||||||
| flower pots along external railings | |||||||||
| green wall | |||||||||
| backyard garden (at ground level) | |||||||||
| green roof | |||||||||
| forms of introducing the cultivation | greenhouse types | rooftop | |||||||
| indoor | |||||||||
| at ground level | |||||||||
| soil-based cultivation types | container farming | ||||||||
| soil-based | |||||||||
| aquaponic | |||||||||
| facade material | masonry | ||||||||
| glass and steel | |||||||||
| steel plate | |||||||||
| concrete | |||||||||
| wood | |||||||||