Table 1.
Summary of the basic data of the analysed multi-family residential buildings completed between 2013 and 2022 that are a combination of architecture and greenery. Author's own elaboration
| name | Vivalto Building | Bosco Verticale | Trudo Vertical Forest | Gardenhouse (mixed-use apartments) | Vindmølle bakken Housing (cohousing) | Gardenia Apartments | House Of The Flying Trees | Maison New Farm | Zuiderzicht Antwerp Residential Complex | |
| location | Quito/Ecuador | Milano / Italy | Eindhoven / Holland | Los Angeles / USA | Stavanger/Norway | Rohrmoser, San José / Costa Rica | Riga / Latvia | New Farm / Australia | Antwerp / Holland | |
| years | 2013 | 2007–2014 | 2017–2021 | −2020 | 2017–2020 | −2021 | −2021 | −2021 | 2014–2021 | |
| designer | Najas Arquitectos: Esteban Najas Raad | Stefano Boeri Architetti | Stefano Boeri Architetti | MAD Architects | Helen & Hard | Studio Saxe | Open AD | Graya + Joe Adsett Architects | KCAP Architects & Planners + evr-Architecten | |
| client | COIMA Sgr (ex HINES Italia s.r.l.) | Sint Trudo | Palisades Capital Partners LLC | Solon Eiendom and Indigo Vekst | Saxe Development Group | R. Evolution City | Frank Developments | Triple Living | ||
| multi-family housing typology | single-module development / tower block |  |  | | | | | | | |
| multi-module development | | | | | | | | | | |
| corridor | | | | | | | | | | |
| gallery | | | | | | | | | | |
| mixed with single-family housing (low-rise, high-dense) | | | | | | | | | | |
| forms of introducing greenery | flower pots along internal railings | | | | | | | | | |
| flower pots along external railings | | | | | | | | | | |
| green wall | | | | | | | | | | |
| backyard garden (at ground level) | | | | | | | | | | |
| green roof | | | | | | | | | | |
| green balcony / loggia | | | | | | | | | | |
| green terrace | | | | | | | | | | |
| atrium | | | | | | | | | |
Table 2.
Summary of analyzed urban buildings combining the multi-family residential function with agriculture in 2010–2021. Author's own elaboration
| name | Self-Sufficient Skyscraper | Home Farm | S*Park | Taisugar Village Circular | Grow Community | Secret Gardens | Evergreen 365 | ||
| location | New York, USA | Singapore | 26th & Lawrence Streets Denver, USA | Wudong, Gueiren District, Tainan City, Taiwan | Bainsbridge Island, New York, USA | Zac EAI, Quartier de la Cité Créative, Montpellier, France | Grochowska / Bukowska Str., Poznań, Poland | ||
| year | design | 2010 | 2014 | n.d. | 2017 | 2012–2014 | 2021 | 2013 | |
| realisation | n.d. | n.d. | 2018 | 2021 | 2014–2020 | 2024 | 2016 | ||
| designer | Terreform | SPARK Architects | Tres Birds | Bio-Architecture Formosana | Davis Design Studio | Vincent Callebaut Architects, Emmanuelle Navarro | Pracownia Architektoni czna Insomia | ||
| client | Venice Biennale of Architecture | World Architecture Festival 2015, HSB Medical | Westfield Company, Inc. | Taiwan Sugar Corporation | Bainbridge Island Holdings, Bainbridge Community Development LLC | Bouygues Immobilier + Vestia Promotion | Masterm Bukowska sp. z o.o. | ||
| plot area [ha] | 0.86 | 4.94 | 1.13 | 1.39 | 3.20 | 0.56 | 0.33 | ||
| floor area by function[sqm] | residential | 14,864,55 | 32,791.01 | 17.075,95 | 28.580,53 | 16.915,15 | 8.950,00 | 5.150,00 | |
| agricultural | 56.490,01 | 14.800,00 | 668,91 | 1.387,90 | 144,00 | 90,00 | 84,00 | ||
| commmercial | 25.213,99 | 13.846,05 | 650,32 | 1.609,50 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 1.723,00 | ||
| indoor parking | 0,00 | 24.985,70 | 1.858,06 | 4.500,00 | 4.248,00 | 3.673,00 | 1.900,00 | ||
| number of overground storeys | 35 | 11 | 2–3 | 2–8 | 2–3 | 6–7 | 1–6 | ||
| number of underground storeys | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| housing | multi-family housing typology | single-module development / tower block | | | | | | | |
| multi-module developlet | | | | | | | | ||
| corridor | | | | | | | | ||
| gallery | | | | | | | | ||
| single-family housing typology | detached | | | | | | | | |
| semi-detached | | | | | | | | ||
| terraced | | | | | | | | ||
| parameters | apartments' usabe floor area [sqm] | 55,74–74,32 | 36–165 | 48,23 – 215,72 | 25–48 | 92–145 | 41,3–119,70 | 41,5–93 | |
| number of apartments - multi-family housing | 128 | 300 | 91 | 351 | 155 | 117 | 51 | ||
| number of apartments - single-family housing | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 0 | ||
| number of parking lots | n.d. | n.d. | 139 | n.d. | 178 | 118 | n.d. | ||
| commercial usable floor area [sqm] | 20.810,36 | 13.846,05 | 0 | 1387,9 | 0 | 41 | 1700 | ||
| greenhouse area [sqm] | 36.656,16 | 7500 | 668,91 | 503 | 144 | 90 | 84 | ||
| inhabitant's profile | multigenerational families (2+2+1–3) | | | | | | | | |
| atomic families (1 – 2) | | | | | | | | ||
| statistical (2+1–3) | | | | | | | | ||
| power-supply systems | RES | solar panels | | | | | | ||
| wind turbines | | | | | | | | ||
| traditional | | | | | | | | ||
| n.d. | | | | | | | | ||
| roof geometry | above residential function | flat | | | | | | | |
| gable | | | | | | | | ||
| above parking | flat | | | | | | | | |
| flat - green | | | | | | | | ||
| above greenhouse | gable | | | | | | | | |
| saw-tooth | | | | | | | | ||
| flat | | | | | | | | ||
| forms of introducing greenery | flower pots along internal railings | | | | | | | | |
| flower pots along external railings | | | | | | | | ||
| green wall | | | | | | | | ||
| backyard garden (at ground level) | | | | | | | | ||
| green roof | | | | | | | | ||
| forms of introducing the cultivation | greenhouse types | rooftop | | | | | | | |
| indoor | | | | | | | | ||
| at ground level | | | | | | | | ||
| soil-based cultivation types | container farming | | | | | | | | |
| soil-based | | | | | | | | ||
| aquaponic | | | | | | | | ||
| facade material | masonry | | | | | | | | |
| glass and steel | | | | | | | | ||
| steel plate | | | | | | | | ||
| concrete | | | | | | | | ||
| wood | | | | | | | | ||
Figure 1.
Morphological analysis of selected conceptual designs of housing estates within a walking distance of 15 minutes (1000m radius). Author's own elaboration
Figure 2.
Self-Sufficient Skyscraper/New York and Home Farm/Cyberjaya – overall views, authors Terreform, S*Park. Source: [18, 19]
Figure 3.
Taisugar Circular Village/Tainan, author Yue-Lun Tsai and Secret Gardens/Montpellier, author Vincent Callebaut Architects – the overall view. Source: [20, 21]
Figure 4.
S*Park/Denver and Grow Community/Bainsbridge – overall views. Source [22], made available thanks to the courtesy of Deborah Henderson from GROW Community
Figure 5.
Morphological analysis of selected analyzed housing estates built between 2018 and 2021 within a walking distance of 15 minutes (1000 m radius). Author's own elaboration
Figure 6.
List of analyzed examples due to the share of the usable floor area of the main functional zones of the complex. Author's own elaboration
Figure 7.
List of analyzed examples due to the percentage share of the usable floor area of the main functional zones of the complex in relation to the total usable floor area (excluding built-in car parks). Author's own elaboration
Figure 8.
List of analyzed examples due to the size of apartments. Author's own elaboration
Figure 9.
Floor plan typology of multi-family housing in relation to the agricultural function of the estates and the occurrence of private external space in the apartment. Author's own elaboration
Figure 10.
Morphological analysis of housing estate Evergreen 365 in Poznań within a walking distance of 15 minutes (1000 m radius). Author's own elaboration
Figure 11.
The repetitive floor plan and the view from Jutrzenki Street for the Evergreen 365 residential and service complex in Poznań. Made available thanks to the courtesy of Pracownia Architektoniczna Insomia
Figure 12.
A list of the analysed examples in terms of the form of introducing greenery in the estate. Author's own elaboration
Figure 13.
Schematic floor plan analysis of selected examples. Author's own elaboration