Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Types and designations of specimens
| Specimen designation | Fire retardant used | Waterproofing impregnant used |
|---|---|---|
| 0-X-X | - | - |
| 1-X-LW | - | linseed oil varnish + wood wax |
| 1-X-O | - | wood oil |
| 2-B-X | borax + boric acid (BA-BX) | - |
| 2-DP-X | diammonium phosphorate (DP) | - |
| 3-B-LW | borax + boric acid (BA-BX) | linseed oil varnish + wood wax |
| 3-DP-LW | diammonium phosphorate (DP) | linseed oil varnish + wood wax |
| 3-B-O | borax + boric acid (BA-BX) | wood oil |
| 3-DP-O | diammonium phosphorate (DP) | wood oil |
Fire protection techniques applied in paper-based structures
| Reference | Structure and authors | Paper-based material used | FR technique |
|---|---|---|---|
| [5] | Westborough Primary School Cardboard Building by Cottrell & Vermeulen Architecture | Honeycomb panels and paperboard | Layering – fibre-cement board (exterior) and FR cellulose pinboard (interior) |
| [14] | Corrugated Cardboard House by T. Konishi and M. Tamura | Corrugated cardboard | Coatings – urethane resin mixed with a combustion-resistant agent |
| [15] | CASTE wall system by Ozlem Ayan | Corrugated cardboard | Layering – steel sheets |
| - | Transportable Emergency Cardboard House gen 4 by Jerzy Łątka and Agata Jasiołek | Corrugated cardboard, honeycomb panels | Layering – steel sheets (exterior) |
| [4] | Paper House by BAMP! project team form TU Darmstadt | Paperboard, corrugated cardboard, honeycomb panels | Additives – FR paperboard (phosphorus compounds added during paperboard production) |
Results of the ignition test
| specimen | ignition | flame reaching 15 cm | maintaining the fire | Charred area (cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-X-X | yes | no | yes | 67.17 |
| 1-X-LW | yes | yes | yes | 113.01 |
| 1-X-O | yes | no | yes | 66.52 |
| 2-B-X | no | no | no | 31.05 |
| 2-DP-X | no | no | no | 45.71 |
| 3-B-LW | no | no | no | 37.11 |
| 3-B-O | no | no | no | 48.69 |
| 3-DP-LW | no | no | no | 43.91 |
| 3-DP-O | yes | no | no | 66.75 |
Normalized environmental impact of 1 m2 of paperboard
| Area of protection | Midpoint impact category | Unit | Type of specimen | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| non-coated | BA-BX coated | DP coated | |||
| Environment quality | agricultural land occupation | 10−1 | 3.51 | 3.51 | 3.52 |
| climate change, ecosystems | 10−2 | 6.47 | 6.83 | 6.98 | |
| freshwater ecotoxicity | 10−5 | 5.27 | 5.88 | 6.09 | |
| freshwater eutrophication | 10−5 | 9.66 | 1.04 | 1.04 | |
| marine ecotoxicity | 10−6 | 9.43 | 1.08 | 1.09 | |
| natural land transformation | 10−3 | 1.28 | 1.51 | 1.60 | |
| terrestrial acidification | 10−4 | 1.18 | 1.40 | 2.43 | |
| terrestrial ecotoxicity | 10−4 | 5.12 | 5.21 | 5.59 | |
| urban land occupation | 10−3 | 4.85 | 5.11 | 7.40 | |
| Human health | climate change, human health | 10−1 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 1.10 |
| human toxicity | 10−2 | 3.96 | 4.20 | 4.16 | |
| ionising radiation | 10−5 | 9.17 | 9.65 | 1.01 | |
| ozone depletion | 10−5 | 1.01 | 1.10 | 1.18 | |
| particulate matter formation | 10−2 | 2.55 | 3.15 | 3.78 | |
| photochemical oxidant formation | 10−3 | 1.08 | 1.29 | 1.90 | |
| Resources | fossil depletion | 10−2 | 5.93 | 6.76 | 7.29 |
| metal depletion | 10−2 | 1.02 | 1.28 | 1.29 | |