Figure 1.
![Construction details of a typical historical bridge [19]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470714071e4585e08a9d3c5/j_acee-2022-0019_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251105%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251105T113828Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=9d0ac7da64c54907051f22a57b9d74537769872187863d99e6eef01b4d29a43d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Map of Turkey and location of Amasya city [35]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470714071e4585e08a9d3c5/j_acee-2022-0019_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251105%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251105T113828Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=55e33f74c7e07df54c810d834d766c0c38f871cae5dc7f479c3f83073f31075d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![Hundi Hatun Bridge – Downstream and upstream views [32]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470714071e4585e08a9d3c5/j_acee-2022-0019_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251105%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251105T113828Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a187953b612dccb8604974d871f4b39be37d5f12d3aa6143c6a5e676704de4d7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
![Arabian plate boundaries [36]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470714071e4585e08a9d3c5/j_acee-2022-0019_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251105%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251105T113828Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=98704bf008cf64f7272f0c5ab79f351fc17329295f790178565511c61d153856&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 10.
![Turkey’s earthquake map [37]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470714071e4585e08a9d3c5/j_acee-2022-0019_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251105%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251105T113828Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7ec4b69794edfb7a6f3412e715b0c9324676d22780971929754f6b830d9ec6c9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 11.
![The acceleration values of the 1992 Erzincan earthquake (cm/s2) [37]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470714071e4585e08a9d3c5/j_acee-2022-0019_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251105%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251105T113828Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=691a5401000f30e759198809ff2954a2f7b65fa695aaca6a217079c310ef91c5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 12.
![The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion [13]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470714071e4585e08a9d3c5/j_acee-2022-0019_fig_012.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251105%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251105T113828Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c6ebf35ec1850d4f54e436d85a5a16ec38cf23a969dda3cbccf8f812e0593f59&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 13.
![The Mohr-Coulomb failure hypothesis collapse plane [13]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470714071e4585e08a9d3c5/j_acee-2022-0019_fig_013.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251105%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251105T113828Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=15c9a893124bd3202319d4448d3d6842c4462cdc94b186c1e5b965686ea5d773&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Hundi Hatun Bridge – mass participation ratios
| Mode | Period (s) | Mass Participation Ratios | |
|---|---|---|---|
| X - direction | Y - direction | ||
| 1 | 0.10027 | 0.254380 | ~0.00 |
| 2 | 0.086250 | 0.109023 | 0.160643 |
| 3 | 0.085595 | ~0.00 | 0.228147 |
Historical structures performance levels and deformation limits
| Performance Level | Maximum Deformation / Maximum Height Ratio Limit |
|---|---|
| Limited Damage | 0.003 |
| Controlled Damage | 0.007 |
Physical and mechanical properties of homogenized materials used in the bridge
| Bridge Region | Elasticity Modulus (MPa) | Poisson’s Ratio | Density (kg/m3) | Mean Compressive Strength (MPa) | Mean Tensile Strength (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arches and Wing Walls | 8810 | 0.15 | 2646 | 8.810 | 0.881 |
| Fill | 800 | 0.23 | 1800 | 0.8 | 0.08 |
The Mohr-Coulomb material model properties for the homogenized materials used in the Hundi Hatun Bridge [15, 28]
| Bridge | Cohesion (C) (MPa) | Friction Angle (ϕ) |
|---|---|---|
| Arches and Wing Walls | 0.15 | 30 |
| Fill | 0.05 | 20 |