Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Summarizes the nutrients produced by gut microbiota that influence the male reproductive system
| Main bacteria | Nutrient | Function in the male reproductive system |
|---|---|---|
| Escherichia coli Clostridia [26] | Vitamins A | Encourages spermatogonial stem cells to differentiate into sperm |
| Bacteroides fragilis [26] | Vitamins K | Resistance against the inflammatory response |
| Promotes serum testosterone and the blood–testis barrier | ||
| Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium Acidobacillus [27] | Folic acid | Encouraging germ cell differentiation |
| Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant | ||
| Bifidobacteria Lactobacillus [28] | Calcium | Enhances sperm motility and capacitation |
| Initiates the acrosome reaction Signal transduction in germ cells |