Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Top 3 SEA nations by age-standardized DALY rates for each selected GI and liver disease, 2021
| DALY rates per 100,000 population. Percent change relative to 1990 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Country | DALY rate 2021 (95% UI) | DALY rate 1990 | % change (1990–2021) |
| Appendicitis | |||
| Cambodia | 40.5 (24.7–66.7) | 103.3 | –60.8 |
| Myanmar | 30.9 (19.9–48.2) | 101.4 | –69.5 |
| Timor-Leste | 27.0 (16.0–55.9) | 55.5 | –51.4 |
| Chronic hepatitis B including cirrhosis | |||
| Cambodia | 563.3 (371.6–781.8) | 1,053.0 | –46.5 |
| Myanmar | 338.7 (216.8–470.6) | 618.2 | –45.2 |
| Indonesia | 327.8 (264.8–420.8) | 531.1 | –38.3 |
| Chronic hepatitis C including cirrhosis | |||
| Cambodia | 470.1 (305.2–670.1) | 818.0 | –42.5 |
| Indonesia | 468.1 (374.9–581.9) | 708.2 | –33.9 |
| Myanmar | 262.0 (170.3–372.4) | 465.2 | –43.7 |
| Cirrhosis due to alcohol | |||
| Cambodia | 351.2 (225.6–523.6) | 481.4 | –27.0 |
| Indonesia | 190.4 (146.0–245.7) | 266.9 | –28.7 |
| Myanmar | 184.3 (110.9–276.0) | 283.3 | –34.9 |
| Colon and rectum cancers | |||
| Brunei Darussalam | 466.4 (393.7–547.7) | 674.4 | –30.8 |
| Malaysia | 418.7 (364.6–469.1) | 399.4 | +4.8 |
| Thailand | 380.3 (287.9–486.3) | 320.2 | + 18.8 |
| Diarrheal diseases | |||
| Indonesia | 941.7 (649.5–1190.9) | 7454.6 | –87.4 |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 736.5 (511.3–1047.9) | 8292.4 | –91.1 |
| Timor-Leste | 721.7 (498.5–1011.0) | 7015.5 | –89.7 |
| Gallbladder and biliary tract cancers | |||
| Thailand | 150.3 (74.0–207.8) | 156.3 | –3.9 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 53.4 (41.1–68.1) | 86.2 | –38.1 |
| Viet Nam | 27.2 (18.4–40.8) | 25.1 | +8.5 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | |||
| Singapore | 51.8 (25.7–94.0) | 51.5 | +0.7 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 48.6 (24.5–87.3) | 48.6 | –0.1 |
| Indonesia | 43.4 (21.7–78.1) | 43.4 | +0.0 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | |||
| Brunei Darussalam | 16.3 (12.8–21.7) | 20.1 | –18.8 |
| Cambodia | 10.3 (6.3–14.6) | 13.7 | –25.0 |
| Indonesia | 8.9 (6.3–10.8) | 12.9 | –31.1 |
| Liver cancer due to NASH | |||
| Thailand | 27.7 (17.7–42.3) | 31.1 | –11.0 |
| Viet Nam | 25.9 (16.5–39.0) | 26.6 | –2.6 |
| Malaysia | 15.7 (10.3–22.5) | 9.9 | +58.8 |
| Liver cancer due to alcohol use | |||
| Viet Nam | 94.7 (57.2–150.6) | 69.7 | +35.8 |
| Thailand | 87.7 (58.3–126.9) | 105.2 | –16.7 |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 47.8 (28.0–72.0) | 59.9 | –20.2 |
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis B | |||
| Viet Nam | 161.3 (106.4–246.1) | 225.0 | –28.3 |
| Thailand | 133.1 (91.9–186.6) | 202.9 | –34.4 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 118.3 (84.0–161.1) | 202.5 | –41.6 |
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis C | |||
| Brunei Darussalam | 79.3 (52.1–110.6) | 112.4 | –29.5 |
| Viet Nam | 50.8 (29.5–80.6) | 61.8 | –17.8 |
| Cambodia | 44.5 (23.5–78.4) | 61.8 | –28.0 |
| Pancreatic cancer | |||
| Brunei Darussalam | 130.4 (106.0–156.9) | 129.3 | +0.8 |
| Thailand | 118.8 (91.6–154.1) | 91.9 | +29.3 |
| Singapore | 106.6 (98.3–114.4) | 123.7 | –13.8 |
| Pancreatitis | |||
| Cambodia | 68.1 (42.7–107.9) | 80.9 | –15.8 |
| Myanmar | 63.0 (37.0–119.0) | 80.3 | –21.5 |
| Malaysia | 59.8 (46.2–80.0) | 63.9 | –6.5 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | |||
| Cambodia | 552.2 (327.1–868.7) | 1175.8 | –53.0 |
| Timor-Leste | 342.4 (227.4–522.8) | 556.0 | –38.4 |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 327.3 (232.0–457.9) | 833.0 | –60.7 |
| Total burden related to NAFLD | |||
| Thailand | 62.5 (43.0–87.2) | 52.9 | +18.1 |
| Indonesia | 58.0 (40.7–79.0) | 48.5 | +19.7 |
| Cambodia | 53.2 (34.9–80.5) | 68.0 | –21.8 |
Top 3 GI and liver disease causes with the highest relative percentage change in age-standardized DALY rates by SEA nations from 1990 to 2021
| DALY rates per 100,000 population | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of DALYs | DALY rate 1990 | DALY rate 2021 (95% UI) | % change (1990–2021) |
| Brunei Darussalam | |||
| Other digestive diseases | 31.9 | 32.8 (27.5–38.7) | +2.9 |
| Pancreatic cancer | 129.3 | 130.4 (106.0–156.9) | +0.8 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 48.6 | 48.6 (24.5–87.3) | –0.1 |
| Cambodia | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | 64.3 | 84.2 (63.4–108.4) | +31.0 |
| Liver cancer due to alcohol use | 34.4 | 42.6 (19.9–87.0) | +23.6 |
| Colon and rectum cancer | 333.5 | 353.1 (262.5–456.9) | +5.9 |
| Indonesia | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | 58.9 | 95.3 (68.8–122.1) | +61.7 |
| Liver cancer due to NASH | 8.5 | 11.9 (6.4–18.4) | +38.8 |
| Colon and rectum cancer | 239.1 | 297.6 (223.3–371.8) | +24.5 |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | 64.6 | 75.6 (54.3–102.6) | +17.0 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 41.2 | 41.2 (20.9–74.3) | +0.1 |
| Gallbladder and biliary diseases | 112.1 | 108.4 (76.3–146.2) | –3.4 |
| Malaysia | |||
| NAFLD including cirrhosis | 11.8 | 19.5 (12.4–28.1) | +65.3 |
| Total burden related to NAFLD | 21.6 | 35.1 (26.4–46.9) | +62.3 |
| Liver cancer due to NASH | 9.9 | 15.7 (10.3–22.5) | +58.8 |
| Myanmar | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | 62.8 | 75.7 (55.6–100.2) | +20.5 |
| Liver cancer due to alcohol use | 12.7 | 14.3 (7.0–31.8) | +12.4 |
| Liver cancer due to NASH | 7.3 | 7.4 (3.2–13.7) | + 1.3 |
| Philippines | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | 60.5 | 88.4 (73.4–105.6) | +46.0 |
| Colon and rectum cancer | 263.2 | 342.3 (287.2–402.3) | +30.1 |
| NAFLD including cirrhosis | 11.9 | 13.0 (8.9–18.1) | +9.9 |
| Singapore | |||
| Paratyphoid fever | 0.0 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | +14.1 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 51.5 | 51.8 (25.7–94.0) | +0.7 |
| Pancreatic cancer | 123.7 | 106.6 (98.3–114.4) | –13.8 |
| Thailand | |||
| Peptic ulcer disease | 8.2 | 30.4 (24.1–38.7) | +271.2 |
| NAFLD including cirrhosis | 21.8 | 34.8 (21.9–52.4) | +59.7 |
| Gastritis and duodenitis | 20.2 | 26.2 (18.2–36.7) | +30.0 |
| Timor-Leste | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | 41.1 | 53.2 (41.0–67.7) | +29.4 |
| Colon and rectum cancer | 212.8 | 227.2 (171.7–296.9) | +6.8 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 40.9 | 41.0 (20.8–73.8) | +0.3 |
| Viet Nam | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | 35.2 | 53.4 (38.9–66.4) | +51.6 |
| Colon and rectum cancer | 208.8 | 299.9 (228.8–365.5) | +43.6 |
| Liver cancer due to alcohol use | 69.7 | 94.7 (57.2–150.6) | +35.8 |