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Association between blood cadmium levels and the risk of chronic kidney disease in Korea, based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017 Cover

Association between blood cadmium levels and the risk of chronic kidney disease in Korea, based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017

Asian Biomedicine
Volume 19 (2025): Issue 1 (February 2025)
By: ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Feb 2025
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Schematic diagram of participant selection. BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the 4,222 adults in the KNHANES

ParametersAll (n = 4,222)CKD (n = 215)CKD5Non-CKD (n = 4,007)P
Age (years)54 ± 1469 ± 1053 ± 1453 ± 14<0.001†
30–491,737 (41.1%)85 (39.5%)1 (%)1,652 (41.2%)<0.001†
50–691,773 (42.0%)9 (4.2%)3 (%)1,764 (44.0%)
>70712 (16.9%)121 (56.3%)1 (%)591 (14.7%)
Sex
Male (%)1,869 (44.3%)112 (52.1)5 (100)1,757 (43.8%)0.021*
BMI (kg/m2)24.1 ± 3.525.0 ± 3.826.0 ± 1.924.1 ± 3.50.001*
Hypertension1,052 (24.9%)149 (69.3%)5 (100%)903 (22.5%)<0.001†
Diabetes461 (10.9%)78 (36.3%)3 (60.0%)383 (9.6%)<0.001†
Dyslipidemia831 (19.7%)71 (33.0%)3 (60.0%)760 (19.0%)<0.001†
Smoking1,700 (40.3%)94 (43.7%)4 (80.0%)1606 (40.1%)0.29
Blood Cd (μg/L)1.2 ± 0.61.3 ± 0.61.4 ± 0.91.1 ± 0.6<0.001†

Data show mean ± standard deviation.

* P < 0.05.

† P < 0.001.

BMI, body mass index; Cd, cadmium; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CKD5, stage 5 of CKD indicating an eGFR of <15 mL/min or less; eGFR, estimate glomerular filtration rate.

Table 2.

Multiple logistic regression analysis for CKD by blood Cd in the 4,222 adults in the KHNANES

VariablesOR (95% CI)P
Univariable model
  Blood Cd1.59 (1.30–1.94)<0.001†
Multivariable model 1
  Blood Cd1.34 (1.01–1.79)0.047*
Multivariable model 2
  Blood Cd2.40 (1.58–3.64)<0.001†

Multivariable model 1 includes adjustment for age and sex. Multivariable model 2 includes adjustment for variables in age, sex, BMI, smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes.

* P < 0.05.

† P < 0.001.

BMI, body mass index; Cd, cadmium; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Table 3.

Multiple logistic regression analysis for CKD by blood Cd according to hypertension

VariablesHypertensive (n = 1,052)Non-hypertensive (n = 3,170)
OR (95% CI)POR (95% CI)P
Univariable model
  Blood Cd1.39 (1.02–1.91)0.040*1.72 (1.39–2.14)<0.001†
Multivariable model 1
  Blood Cd1.51 (1.05–2.15)0.024*0.94 (0.55–1.62)0.83
Multivariable model 2
  Blood Cd2.70 (1.49–4.90)0.001†2.16 (1.10–4.22)0.025*

Multivariable model 1 includes adjustment for age and sex. Multivariable model 2 includes adjustment for variables in age, sex, BMI, smoking, dyslipidemia, and diabetes.

* P < 0.05.

† P < 0.01.

BMI, body mass index; Cd, cadmium; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; OR, odds ratios.

Table 4.

Multiple logistic regression analysis for CKD by blood Cd according to diabetes

VariablesDiabetic (n = 461)Nondiabetic (n = 3,761)
OR (95% CI)POR (95% CI)P
Univariable model
  Blood Cd1.19 (0.72–1.96)0.5002.08 (1.69–2.57)<0.001†
Multivariable model 1
  Blood Cd1.17 (0.68–2.03)0.5691.54 (1.08–2.18)0.016*
Multivariable model 2
  Blood Cd2.32 (0.70–7.75)0.7382.40 (1.56–3.70)<0.001†

Multivariable model 1 includes adjustment for age and sex. Multivariable model 2 includes adjustment for variables in age, sex, BMI, smoking, and dyslipidemia.

* P < 0.05.

† P < 0.001.

BMI, body mass index; Cd, cadmium; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; OR, odds ratios.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/abm-2025-0004 | Journal eISSN: 1875-855X | Journal ISSN: 1905-7415
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 60 - 66
Published on: Feb 28, 2025
Published by: Chulalongkorn University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
cadmium,
chronic kidney disease,
diabetes,
hypertension,
KNHANES
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Assistive professions, nursing,
Basic medical science,
Basic medical science, other,
Clinical medicine,
Clinical medicine, other

© 2025 Jieun Yeon, Suji Kang, Jiyeon Park, Jin Hee Ahn, Eun-Ah Cho, Sung Hyun Lee, Kyoung-Ho Ryu, Jae-Geum Shim, published by Chulalongkorn University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 19 (2025): Issue 1 (February 2025)
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