Association between blood cadmium levels and the risk of chronic kidney disease in Korea, based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017 Cover

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Association between blood cadmium levels and the risk of chronic kidney disease in Korea, based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017

Asian Biomedicine

Volume 19 (2025): Issue 1 (February 2025)

By: Jieun Yeon, Suji Kang, Jiyeon Park, Jin Hee Ahn, Eun-Ah Cho, Sung Hyun Lee, Kyoung-Ho Ryu and Jae-Geum Shim

Open Access

|Feb 2025

Figures & Tables

Schematic diagram of participant selection. BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Multiple logistic regression analysis for CKD by blood Cd according to hypertension

Variables	Hypertensive (n = 1,052)		Non-hypertensive (n = 3,170)

	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Univariable model
Blood Cd	1.39 (1.02–1.91)	0.040^*	1.72 (1.39–2.14)	<0.001^†
Multivariable model 1
Blood Cd	1.51 (1.05–2.15)	0.024^*	0.94 (0.55–1.62)	0.83
Multivariable model 2
Blood Cd	2.70 (1.49–4.90)	0.001^†	2.16 (1.10–4.22)	0.025^*

Multiple logistic regression analysis for CKD by blood Cd in the 4,222 adults in the KHNANES

Variables	OR (95% CI)	P
Univariable model
Blood Cd	1.59 (1.30–1.94)	<0.001^†
Multivariable model 1
Blood Cd	1.34 (1.01–1.79)	0.047^*
Multivariable model 2
Blood Cd	2.40 (1.58–3.64)	<0.001^†

Characteristics of the 4,222 adults in the KNHANES

Parameters	All (n = 4,222)	CKD (n = 215)	CKD5	Non-CKD (n = 4,007)	P
Age (years)	54 ± 14	69 ± 10	53 ± 14	53 ± 14	<0.001^†
30–49	1,737 (41.1%)	85 (39.5%)	1 (%)	1,652 (41.2%)	<0.001^†
50–69	1,773 (42.0%)	9 (4.2%)	3 (%)	1,764 (44.0%)
>70	712 (16.9%)	121 (56.3%)	1 (%)	591 (14.7%)
Sex
Male (%)	1,869 (44.3%)	112 (52.1)	5 (100)	1,757 (43.8%)	0.021^*
BMI (kg/m²)	24.1 ± 3.5	25.0 ± 3.8	26.0 ± 1.9	24.1 ± 3.5	0.001^*
Hypertension	1,052 (24.9%)	149 (69.3%)	5 (100%)	903 (22.5%)	<0.001^†
Diabetes	461 (10.9%)	78 (36.3%)	3 (60.0%)	383 (9.6%)	<0.001^†
Dyslipidemia	831 (19.7%)	71 (33.0%)	3 (60.0%)	760 (19.0%)	<0.001^†
Smoking	1,700 (40.3%)	94 (43.7%)	4 (80.0%)	1606 (40.1%)	0.29
Blood Cd (μg/L)	1.2 ± 0.6	1.3 ± 0.6	1.4 ± 0.9	1.1 ± 0.6	<0.001^†

Multiple logistic regression analysis for CKD by blood Cd according to diabetes

Variables	Diabetic (n = 461)		Nondiabetic (n = 3,761)

	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Univariable model
Blood Cd	1.19 (0.72–1.96)	0.500	2.08 (1.69–2.57)	<0.001^†
Multivariable model 1
Blood Cd	1.17 (0.68–2.03)	0.569	1.54 (1.08–2.18)	0.016^*
Multivariable model 2
Blood Cd	2.32 (0.70–7.75)	0.738	2.40 (1.56–3.70)	<0.001^†

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/abm-2025-0004 | Journal eISSN: 1875-855X | Journal ISSN: 1905-7415

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Language: English

Page range: 60 - 66

Published on: Feb 28, 2025

Published by: Chulalongkorn University

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 6 issues per year

Keywords:

chronic kidney disease,

Related subjects:

Assistive professions, nursing,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other,

Clinical medicine,

Clinical medicine, other

© 2025 Jieun Yeon, Suji Kang, Jiyeon Park, Jin Hee Ahn, Eun-Ah Cho, Sung Hyun Lee, Kyoung-Ho Ryu, Jae-Geum Shim, published by Chulalongkorn University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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