General characteristics of the participants
| N = 82 | |
|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | |
| Male | 13 (15.9) |
| Female | 69 (84.1) |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 34.67 ± 9.76 |
| BMI level (kg/m2), n (%) | |
| <18.5 | 13 (15.9) |
| 18.5–22.9 | 36 (43.9) |
| 23.0–29.9 | 24 (29.3) |
| >30.0 | 9 (11.0) |
| Underlying disease, n (%) | 3 (3.7) |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 2 (2.4) |
| Stroke | 1 (1.2) |
| Smoking, n (%) | 3 (3.7) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 17 (20.7) |
| Heartburn, n (%) | 4 (4.9) |
| Symptoms of COVID-19, n (%) | |
| Cough | 73 (89.0) |
| Nasal discharge | 64 (78.0) |
| Sputum | 68 (82.9) |
Univariate analysis of factors related to dysphonia following COVID-19 infection
| Factors | Dysphonia (n = 53) | Normal (n = 29) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI level (kg/m2), n (%) | ||||
| 18.5–22.9 | 25 (47.2) | 11 (37.9) | Reference | |
| <18.5 | 6 (11.3) | 7 (24.1) | 0.38 (0.10, 1.39) | 0.142 |
| 23.0–29.9 | 16 (30.2) | 8 (27.6) | 0.88 (0.29, 2.66) | 0.821 |
| >30.0 | 6 (11.3) | 3 (10.3) | 0.88 (0.19, 4.17) | 0.872 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 2 (3.8) | 1 (3.4) | 1.10 (0.09, 12.65) | 0.940 |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 13 (24.5) | 4 (13.8) | 2.03 (0.60, 6.93) | 0.258 |
| Heartburn, n (%) | 4 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | NA | |
| Symptoms of COVID-19, n (%) | ||||
| Cough | 51 (96.2) | 22 (75.9) | 8.11 (1.56, 42.21) | 0.013* |
| Nasal discharge | 45 (84.9) | 19 (65.5) | 2.96 (1.01, 8.66) | 0.047* |
| Sputum | 47 (88.7) | 21 (72.4) | 2.98 (0.92, 9.68) | 0.069 |
| Number of COVID-19 symptoms, n (%) | ||||
| None/1 symptom | 2 (3.8) | 9 (31.0) | Reference | |
| 2 Symptoms | 12 (22.6) | 6 (20.7) | 9.00 (1.46, 55.48) | 0.018* |
| 3 Symptoms | 39 (73.6) | 14 (48.3) | 12.54 (2.41, 65.23) | 0.003* |
| Number of booster dose with mRNA vaccine, n (%) | ||||
| 1 dose | 8 (15.8) | 4 (13.9) | 0.50 (0.04, 6.08) | 0.500 |
| 2 doses | 22 (43.1) | 13 (44.8) | 0.42 (0.04, 4.20) | 0.423 |
| 3 doses | 17 (33.3) | 11 (37.9) | 0.39 (0.04, 3.93) | 0.386 |
| None | 4 (7.8) | 1 (3.4) | Reference | |
Voice Handicap Index-10
| During COVID-19 infection | 3 months after COVID-19 infection | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| VHI-10, median (IQR) | 11.5 (2.75, 21) | 0 (0, 3) | <0.001* |
| VHI-10 (n = 82), n (%) | |||
| <7 (Normal) | 29 (35.4) | 68 (82.9) | <0.001* |
| >7 (Dysphonia) | 53 (64.6) | 14 (17.1) | |
| VHI-10 improve (n = 53), n (%) | |||
| <7 (Normal) | 39 (73.6) | ||
| >7 (Dysphonia) | 14 (26.4) | ||
Multivariate analysis of factors related to dysphonia following COVID-19 infection
| Factors | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|
| BMI level (kg/m2) | ||
| 18.5–22.9 | Reference | |
| <18.5 | 0.30 (0.07, 1.33) | 0.113 |
| 23.0–29.9 | 0.49 (0.14, 1.74) | 0.268 |
| >30.0 | 0.76 (0.13, 4.58) | 0.762 |
| Symptoms of COVID-19 | ||
| Cough | 8.53 (1.41, 51.45) | 0.019* |
| Nasal discharge | 1.99 (0.56, 7.02) | 0.287 |
| Sputum | 2.50 (0.61, 10.17) | 0.201 |
| At least one dose of mRNA vaccine | 0.68 (0.20, 2.28) | 0.531 |