Figure 1.
![Recommended laboratory HIV testing algorithm by CDC [66]. CDC, Center for Disease Control; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64d0c6358a3e7e1f7ef12fd7/j_abm-2023-0038_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251206%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251206T084403Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=84c5bf872bc570f9d7c9728239abe6352a5cc1ffcc1e2ee38e6680a0ba80c700&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
![Structure of HIV and p24 antigen. (A) A complete virion, (B) capsid fullerene cone superstructure, and (C) monomer unit [8]. HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64d0c6358a3e7e1f7ef12fd7/j_abm-2023-0038_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251206%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251206T084403Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=9daf1da5eac2aed585c16796edd54d64d488e262b213410c687cee2b21fca32f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Emerging ultra-sensitive methods for detection of HIV p24 antigen
| S. no. | Legend | Reported by |
|---|---|---|
| Nanoparticles/beads based | ||
| 1 | Gold† | [50] |
| 2 | Platinum-shell coated gold‡ | [67] |
| 3 | Carbon§ | [68] |
| 4 | Latex† | [69] |
| Enzyme based | ||
| 5 | Urease|| | [70] |
| 6 | Catalase|| | [71] |
| 7 | Horseradish peroxidase|| | [72] |
| 8 | Alkaline phosphatase|| | [73] |
| 9 | Glucose oxidase|| | [74] |
Fourth-generation tests for HIV antigen-antibody
| Test | Manufacturer | Specificity (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADVIA Centaur HIV Ag/Ab Combo | Siemens | 99.74 | [28] |
| AxSYM HIV Ag/Ab Combo | Abbott Laboratories | 99.9 | [29] |
| ARCHITECT HIV Combo | Abbott Laboratories | 99.4 | [30] |
| VIDAS HIV DUO Ultra | BioMerieux | 99.84 | [31] |
| Cobas Core HIV Combi EIA | Roche Diagnostics | 99.3 | [30] |
| Elecsys HIV Combi | Roche Diagnostics | 99.8 | [32] |
| HIV Combi Modular E170 | Roche Diagnostics | 99.7 | [30] |
| Enzygnost HIV Integral | Dade Behring | 99.6 | [30] |
| Genscreen Ag/Ab HIV Ultra | Bio Rad | 99.7 | [30] |
| Genscreen PlusHIV Ag/Ab | Bio Rad | 99.9 | [28] |
| Vironostika HIV Uniform II Ag/Ab | Organon Teknika | 97.21 | [30] |
| Liaison XL Murex HIV Ab/Ag | DiaSorin | 98.5 | [33] |