| Eaton (2011) [3] | Physician | 12 months |
4 academic detailing sessions Physicians received patient education toolkit, a computer kiosk with patient activation software, and PDA-based decision support tool Patients were guided via interactive SDM aided by the PDA decision support tool |
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| Theory: chronic care model |
| Goyer (2012) [6] | Nutritionist Psychologist Kinesiologist Nurse Physician | 3 months |
|
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| Theory/model: health belief model, Prochaska stages of change |
| McDermott (2012) [19] | Health counselor | 12 months |
Patient-centered counseling for medication adherence and recommendation to visit the physicians Telephone calls every 6 weeks for 12-month duration advising about medication adherence and encouragement to increase walking activity |
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Second control arm:
Third control arm:
| Key mechanism: health-care professional–patient relationship to promote patient activation (patient requested more-intensive lipid-lowering therapy from their physicians) |
| Ockene (1999) [20] | Physician | 12 months |
Physicians received nutrition counseling training with office support program Physicians delivered patient-centered and interactive nutrition counseling assisted with office support program Office support program helped the physicians to provide counseling by providing all necessary materials |
|
Second control arm:
Third control arm:
| Theory: social learning theory |
| Fortin (2016) [21] | Nurse CDPM professional | 3 months |
Self-management support, patients’ education about risk assessment, and lifestyle changes assisted with printed materials Collaborative care The intervention group received the intervention right away after the baseline measurement |
|
Second control arm:
Third control arm:
| Key mechanism: health-care professional–patient relationship to promote self-management, empowerment, and self-efficacy |
| Lear (2002) [22] | Dietitian Exercise specialist nurse | 48 months |
6 CRPs, 6 telephone follow-ups, 3 lifestyle and risk factor counseling sessions annually and continued for 2 years Patients were counseled about behavior changes and guided to develop individualized goal setting |
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| Theory: transtheoretical theory, social cognitive theory |
| Lin (2012) [23] | Nurse Physician | 12 months |
Patient education by nurses, followed by regular follow-up Weekly caseload reviews by physician consultants Monitoring was done by visits or telephone calls initially 2–3 times a month |
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Patients were advised to consult their primary care physicians Patients can self-refer or be referred for specialty services, including mental health | Theory: chronic care model |
| Allen (2011) [24] | Nurse Community health worker | 12 months |
Patient education followed by follow-ups. Follow-up frequency depends on participants’ progress Progress reviewed by community health worker Each follow-up session discussed individualized patients’ goals, barriers, strategies, and support to aid patients in achieving the goal |
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| Theory: chronic care model |
| Babazono (2007) [25] | Dietitian Health exercise instructor Public health nurse | 12 months |
Patient education about lifestyle changes Follow-up support, twice a year at patient’s home Health center visits for blood tests at the end of 4 and 6 months |
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| Model: transtheoretical model |
| Bosworth (2018) [26] | Clinical pharmacist specialist | 12 months |
12 monthly telephone calls emphasizing on medication management, training on home BP monitor, encouragement of self-monitoring of blood glucose, adverse effect monitoring, and medication adherence |
|
Received primary care and CVD management according to the decision of the provider At baseline and 6 months, patients received generic printed educational material on ways for CVD risk reduction | Model: transtheoretical model |
| Byrne (2020) [27] | Facilitator (health-care professional) | 12 months |
2 education sessions with follow-up support involving 44 weeks of text messages and 2 telephone calls Session 1 focused on risk assessment and role of statin, meanwhile Session 2 focused on lifestyle modification and behavioral control techniques The text messages were automated and contained medication reminders as well as information and advice |
|
| Theory: behavior change wheel |
| Ho (2014) [28] | Pharmacist Primary care clinician/cardiologist | 12 months |
Patient education at 1 week and 1 month visit Collaborative care between pharmacist and patient’s primary care clinician and/or cardiologist 2 types of voice messaging (educational and medication refill reminder calls) |
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| Model: Wagner chronic care model, medication adherence model |
| Iturralde (2019) [29] | Nurse Pharmacist | 12 months |
Received usual care with group-based behavioral intervention 3 group-based patient activation sessions. These sessions included contacts with the nurses/pharmacists by secure message, telephone calls, or video appointments Development of individualized care plan Live demonstration of electronic patient portals and participants’ role play |
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| Theory: chronic care model |
| Jarab (2012) [30] | Clinical pharmacist | 6 months |
Structured patient education and discussion, with provision of booklets Followed by 8 weekly telephone calls by clinical pharmacists. During telephone call, prescription was reviewed and the adherence to the treatment plan was discussed |
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| Theory/key mechanism: health-care professional–patient relationship to promote patient’s self-management behavior |
| Jiang (2007) [31] | Nurse | 3 months |
12-week CRP divided into 2 phases, which were the hospital-based/family education and home-based rehabilitation care Involvement of family members in the hospital-based and home-based phases Follow-ups through home visits and telephone calls |
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| Key mechanism: health-care professional–patient relationship in providing education to promote change in health behavior and physiological risk parameter |
| Maindal (2014) [32] | Nurse Dietitian Physiotherapist General physician | 3 months |
Received intensive treatment for behavioral change and pharmacological treatments from general practitioners. Also received invitation to take part in the intervention group 12-week patient-centered health education program with 2 individual counseling interviews 8 group sessions focused on action competence, CVD risk, and dietary advice according to individual goal |
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| Theory: motivation theory |
| Mok (2013) [33] | Nurse | 2 months |
8 weeks of nurse follow-up dietary intervention, including: face-to-face consultations, take-home self-management workbook, and fortnightly telephone follow-ups |
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| Key mechanism: health-care professional–patient relationship to promote dietary change |
| Sol (2008) [34] | Nurse | 12 months |
Nursing care consisted of (1) self-efficacy promotion and (2) medical treatment of vascular risk factors. Patients were given information and tailored advice based on their conditions Patients were guided for individualized goal setting for lifestyle changes. Patients underwent regular follow-up for weight, BP, and fasting lipid and glucose levels |
|
| Key mechanism: health-care professional–patient relationship to promote self-efficacy and improvement in vascular risk factors |
| Zhang (2019) [35] | Psychologist Internal medicine specialist | 3 months |
|
|
| Key mechanism: Skinner behavior intensified techniques |
| Daumit (2020) [36] | Nurse Physician Health coach | 18 months |
Weekly individualized counseling sessions for the first 6 months and at least every 2 weeks thereafter Collaborative care among health coaches, nurses, and physicians Had point system to reward attendance and behavior change |
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| Theory/model: behavioral self-management concepts, social cognitive theory, solution-focused therapy |
