Table 1
Baseline characteristics of Thai patients with AF
| Demographic data | Total (n = 180) n (%) | Warfarin (n = 90) n (%) | NOACs (n = 90) n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 72.8 ± 10.1 | 71.3 ± 10.2 | 74.3 ± 9.8 | 0.04* |
| Male sex | 107 (59) | 48 (53) | 59 (66) | 0.10 |
| Medical welfare | ||||
| Affiliation reimbursement | 122 (68) | 40 (44) | 82 (91) | <0.01* |
| Universal healthcare coverage | 43 (24) | 40 (44) | 3 (3) | |
| Social security scheme | 3 (2) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| Self-payment | 12 (7) | 7 (8) | 5 (6) | |
| Medical history | ||||
| Diabetes | 50 (28) | 23 (26) | 27 (30) | 0.51 |
| Hypertension | 162 (90) | 79 (88) | 83 (92) | 0.32 |
| Dyslipidemia | 139 (77) | 69 (77) | 70 (78) | 0.86 |
| Coronary artery disease | 36 (20) | 14 (16) | 22 (24) | 0.14 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 24 (13) | 13 (14) | 11 (12) | 0.66 |
| Previous ischemic stroke or TIA | 34 (19) | 14 (16) | 20 (22) | 0.25 |
| History of intracranial bleeding | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0.50 |
| History of heart failure | 74 (41) | 43 (48) | 31 (34) | 0.07 |
| Cirrhosis | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | – |
| Chronic kidney disease | 54 (30) | 28 (31) | 26 (29) | 0.78 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 48 (28) | 23 (26) | 25 (29) | 0.66 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR) | 70.75 (58.0, 85.8) | 70.72 (57.3, 85.1) | 70.75 (58.2, 87.0) | 0.87 |
| CHA2 DS2-VASc score, median (IQR) | 4 (3, 5) | 4 (3, 5) | 4 (3, 5.3) | 0.30 |
| HAS-BLED score, median (IQR) | 2 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 2) | <0.01* |
| SAMeTT2 R2 score, median (IQR) | 4 (3, 4) | 4 (3, 4) | 4 (3, 4) | 0.70 |
| 0–2 | 15 (9) | 7 (8) | 8 (9) | 0.75 |
| ≥3 | 157 (91) | 80 (92) | 77 (91) | |
| Time in the therapeutic range (%), mean ± SD | 84.9 ± 9.8 | – | – | |
| Antiplatelets | 10 (6) | 7 (8) | 3 (3) | |
| Aspirin | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | – |
| P2Y12 inhibitors | 7 (4) | 5 (6) | 2 (2) | 0.44 |
| OAC | ||||
| Warfarin | 90 (100) | – | – | |
| Rivaroxaban | – | 30 (33) | – | |
| Apixaban | – | 26 (29) | – | |
| Dabigatran | – | 17 (19) | – | |
| Edoxaban | – | 17 (19) | – | |
| NSAIDs | 6 (3) | 0 (0) | 6 (7) | 0.03* |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 51 (28) | 23 (26) | 28 (31) | 0.41 |
AF, atrial fibrillation; SD, standard deviation; NOACs, non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; TIA, transient ischemic attack; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range, NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OAC, oral anticoagulants.
Table 2
Primary and secondary outcomes of NOAC and well-controlled warfarin treatment in patients with AF
| Outcomes | Warfarin (n = 90) n (%) | NOACs (n = 90) n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome: total bleeding or thromboembolic events or both | 19 (21) | 7 (8) | 3.17 (2.27–4.07) | 0.01* |
| Secondary outcome | ||||
| Thromboembolic events or major bleeding or both | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1.00 (−1.78 to 3.78) | >0.99 |
| Thromboembolic events | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | – | – |
| Major bleeding | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | – | – |
| Minor bleeding | 19 (21) | 6 (7) | 3.75 (2.79–4.71) | 0.01* |
| Bleeding per gum | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 2.02 (−0.40 to 4.44) | >0.99 |
| Bruising | 12 (13) | 5 (6) | 2.61 (1.53–3.69) | 0.047 |
| Hematuria | 3 (3) | 2 (2) | 1.51 (−0.29 to 3.31) | >0.99 |
| Epistaxis | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | – | – |
| Subconjunctival hemorrhage | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | – | – |
| All-cause mortality | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | – |
Figure 1
Comparison of total bleeding or thromboembolic events or both (A), thromboembolic events (B), major bleeding (C), and minor bleeding (D) between 90 patients with AF who received NOACs and 90 patients with AF who received well-controlled warfarin (TTR > 65%) treatment. Black bars indicate the presence of events, and gray bars indicate the absence of events. AF, atrial fibrillation; TTR, time in the therapeutic range; NOACs; non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants.