Figure 1
Location of the 3 different sampling sites on Koh Kong. The inset in white represents Cambodia, showing the general location of Kho Kong (red square). Site 1: Koh Sralau island, 1.43 km SSW of Sralau village (11°4502N, 103°0645E, WGS84). Site 2: Koh Kapi, 1 km E of the city (11°4544N, 103°0207E, WGS84). Site 3: Koh Moul island, 2.5 km S and 7.2 km SW of Koh Kapi and Koh Sralau, respectively (11°4329N, 103°0063E, WGS84), and a beach nearby (11°4306N, 103°0129E, WGS84). Modified from Google Maps version 10.66.1 (imagery date November 1, 2019); imagery and data attributions: imagery CNES/Airbus, Landsat/Copernicus, Maxar Technologies, ©2022 TerraMetrics; map data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO ©2022 Google.
Figure 2
Meteorological conditions in Koh Kong province in 2019. Climate data were obtained from climateengine.org. Temperatures (solid line) were gathered from Terraclimate and CFSR satellite data, and precipitation (gray bars) from CHIRPS satellite data.
Table 1
List and total number of mosquitoes species collected in Koh Kong province
| Mosquito species | Koh Sralau | Koh Kapi | Koh Moul | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Season | Dry | Rainy | Dry | Rainy | Dry | Rainy | |
| Aedes (5 species) | 141 | ||||||
| Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) | 9 | 1 | 10 | ||||
| Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) | 1 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 14 |
| Aedes (Lorrainea) amesii (Ludlow, 1903) | 4 | 4 | |||||
| Aedes (Rhinoskusea) longirostris (Leicester, 1908) | 30 | 30 | |||||
| Aedes (Phagomyia) prominens (Barraud, 1923) | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Aedes sp. | 8 | 41 | 1 | 31 | 1 | 82 | |
| Anopheles (2 species) | 42 | ||||||
| Anopheles (Anopheles) baezai Gater, 1934 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 7 | |||
| Anopheles (Cellia) indefinitus Ludlow, 1904 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Anopheles sp. | 13 | 20 | 1 | 34 | |||
| Armigeres (1 species) | 5 | ||||||
| Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus (Coquillett, 1898) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||
| Armigeres sp. | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Coquilletidia (3 species) | 66 | ||||||
| Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) crassipes (van der Wulp, 1881) | 1 | 1 | 9 | 11 | |||
| Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) nigrosignata (Edwards, 1917) | 51 | 51 | |||||
| Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) ochracea (Theobald, 1903) | 2 | 2 | 4 | ||||
| Culex (11 species) | 2571 | ||||||
| Culex (Oculeomyia) bitaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 | 1 | 13 | 14 | ||||
| Culex (Eumelanomyia) brevipalpis (Giles, 1902) | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Culex (Culex) fuscocephala Theobald, 1907 | 21 | 1 | 22 | ||||
| Culex (Culex) gelidus Theobald, 1901 | 6 | 1 | 7 | ||||
| Culex (Eumelanomyia) malayi (Leicester, 1908) | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Culex (Lophoceraomyia) reidi Colless, 1965 | 6 | 6 | |||||
| Culex (Culex) sitiens Wiedemann, 1828 | 682 | 1103 | 89 | 1874 | |||
| Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 | 3 | 3 | |||||
| Culex (Culex) vishnui Theobald, 1901 | 27 | 120 | 230 | 85 | 8 | 2 | 472 |
| Culex (Lophoceraomyia) wilfredi Colless, 1965 | 37 | 7 | 44 | ||||
| Culex sp. | 8 | 109 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 125 | |
| Heizmannia (1 species) | 1 | ||||||
| Heizmannia sp. | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Mansonia (4 species) | 120 | ||||||
| Mansonia (Mansonioides) bonneae Edwards, 1930 | 81 | 1 | 82 | ||||
| Mansonia (Mansonioides) dives (Schiner, 1868) | 2 | 11 | 13 | ||||
| Mansonia (Mansonioides) indiana Edwards, 1930 | 6 | 6 | |||||
| Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis (Theobald, 1901) | 2 | 2 | |||||
| Mansonia sp. | 2 | 15 | 17 | ||||
| Mimomyia (3 species) | 8 | ||||||
| Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) elegans (Taylor, 1914) | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Mimomyia (Mimomyia) hybrida (Leicester, 1908) | 1 | 3 | 4 | ||||
| Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis (Ludlow, 1905) | 3 | 3 | |||||
| Uranotaenia (3 species) | 110 | ||||||
| Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) hirsutifemora Peters, 1964 | 6 | 6 | |||||
| Uranotaenia (Uranotaenia) metatarsata Edwards, 1914 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Uranotaenia (Uranotaenia) rampae Peyton & Klein, 1970 | 9 | 53 | 9 | 71 | |||
| Uranotaenia sp. | 1 | 20 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 32 |
| Verrallina (1 species) | 43 | ||||||
| Verrallina (Verrallina) dux (Dyar & Shannon, 1925) | 5 | 5 | |||||
| Verrallina sp. | 14 | 6 | 20 | ||||
| Unknown | 13 | 2 | 3 | 18 | |||
| Grand total | 89 | 1314 | 237 | 1333 | 19 | 115 | 3107 |
| Number of species | 12 | 28 | 2 | 13 | 4 | 6 | 34 |
| Number of species per collection site | 32 | 13 | 7 | ||||
| Shannon index | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.9 | 0.7 | |
| Shannon index | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||||
| Simpson index | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | |
| Simpson index | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||||
Table 2
List of medically important mosquito species in Koh Kong
| Mosquito species | Potential vectors | References |
|---|---|---|
| Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) | DENV, ZIKV, CHYKV, WNV, YFV | [26, 27, 28] |
| Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) | DENV, ZIKV, CHYKV, JEV, WNV | [26, 27, 28] |
| Anopheles (Cellia) indefinitus Ludlow 1904 | MAL | [26, 29] |
| Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus (Coquillett, 1898) | JEV, FILWB | [26, 27, 30] |
| Culex (Oculeomyia) bitaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 | JEV, FILBM, FILWB | [26, 30] |
| Culex (Culex) fuscocephala Theobald, 1907 | JEV | [26, 30] |
| Culex (Culex) gelidus Theobald, 1901 | JEV | [26, 27, 30] |
| Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 | ZIKV, JEV, WNV | [26, 27, 30] |
| Culex (Culex) sitiens Wiedemann, 1828 | FILBM, JEV | [26, 30, 31, 32] |
| Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 | JEV | [26, 27, 30] |
| Culex (Culex) vishnui Theobald, 1901 | JEV | [26, 27, 30] |
| Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis (Theobald, 1901) | WNV | [26] |
[i] CHIKV, chikungunya virus; DENV, dengue virus; FILBM, filariosis by Brugia malayi; FILWB, filariosis by Wucheria bancrofti; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; MAL, human Plasmodium spp.; WNV, West Nile virus; YFV, yellow fever virus; ZIKV, zika virus.