References
- Zaccardi F, Webb DR, Yates T, Davies MJ. Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective. Postgrad Med J. 2016; 92(1084):63–9.
- American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40(Suppl 1):S11–24.
- Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Magliano DJ, Bennett PH. Diabetes mellitus statistics on prevalence and mortality: facts and fallacies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016; 12:616–22.
- Selvarajah D, Tesfaye S. Central nervous system involvement in diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2006; 6:431–8.
- Tumminia A, Vinciguerra F, Parisi M, Frittitta L. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: role of insulin signalling and therapeutic implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19:3306. doi: 10.3390/ijms19113306
- Saedi E, Gheini MR, Faiz F, Arami MA. Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments. World J Diabetes. 2016; 7:412–22.
- Pugazhenthi S, Qin L, Reddy PH. Common neurodegenerative pathways in obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2017; 1863:1037–45.
- de la Monte SM. Brain insulin resistance and deficiency as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012; 9:35–66.
- Chornenkyy Y, Wang W-X, Wei A, Nelson PT. Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are distinct diseases with potential overlapping metabolic dysfunction upstream of observed cognitive decline. Brain Pathol. 2019; 29:3–17.
- Baglietto-Vargas D, Shi J, Yaeger DM, Ager R, LaFerla FM. Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease crosstalk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016; 64:272–87.
- Salas IH, De Strooper B. Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: a link not as simple as it seems. Neurochem Res. 2019; 44:1271–8.
- Ryan CM, van Duinkerken E, Rosano C. Neurocognitive consequences of diabetes. Am Psychol. 2016; 71:563–76.
- Gabbouj S, Ryhänen S, Marttinen M, Wittrahm R, Takalo M, Kemppainen S, et al. Altered insulin signaling in Alzheimer's disease brain – special emphasis on PI3K-Akt Pathway. Front Neurosci. 2019; 13:629. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00629
- Stanley M, Macauley SL, Holtzman DM. Changes in insulin and insulin signaling in Alzheimer's disease: cause or consequence? J Exp Med. 2016; 213:1375–85.
- Sun Y, Ma C, Sun H, Wang H, Peng W, Zhou Z, et al. Metabolism: a novel shared link between diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. J Diabetes Res. 2020; 2000:4981814. doi: 10.1155/2020/4981814
- Muriach M, Flores-Bellver M, Romero FJ, Barcia JM. Diabetes and the brain: oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014; 2014:102158. doi: 10.1155/2014/102158
- Lenzen S. The mechanisms of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008; 51:216–26.
- Zhou F, Tan Y, Chen X-H, Wu F-L, Yang D-J, Zhang X-W, et al. Atorvastatin improves plaque stability in diabetic atherosclerosis through the RAGE pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018; 22:1142–9.
- Paseban M, Mohebbati R, Niazmand S, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Comparison of the neuroprotective effects of aspirin, atorvastatin, captopril and metformin in diabetes mellitus. Biomolecules. 2019; 9:118. doi: 10.3390/biom9040118
- Pistollato F, Iglesias RC, Ruiz R, Aparicio S, Crespo J, Lopez LD, et al. Nutritional patterns associated with the maintenance of neurocognitive functions and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a focus on human studies. Pharmacol Res. 2018; 131:32–43.
- Chu C-S, Tseng P-T, Stubbs B, Chen T-Y, Tang C-H, Li D-J, et al. Use of statins and the risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2018; 8:5804. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24248-8
- Kaviani E, Rahmani M, Kaeidi A, Shamsizadeh A, Allahtavakoli M, Mozafari N, Fatemi I. Protective effect of atorvastatin on D-galactose-induced aging model in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2017; 334:55–60.
- Schultz BG, Patten DK, Berlau DJ. The role of statins in both cognitive impairment and protection against dementia: a tale of two mechanisms. Transl Neurodegener. 2018; 7:5. doi: 10.1186/s40035-018-0110-3
- Samaras K, Makkar SR, Crawford JD, Kochan NA, Slavin MJ, Wen W, et al. Effects of statins on memory, cognition, and brain volume in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 74:2554–68.
- Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biology 2020; 18:e3000410. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410
- Kang H. Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2021; 18:17. doi: 10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17
- Burkholder T, Foltz C, Karlsson E, Linton CG, Smith JM. Health Evaluation of Experimental Laboratory Mice. Curr Protoc Mouse Biol. 2012; 2:145–65.
- Tuorkey MJ. Effects of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Interv Med Appl Sci. 2016; 8:109–17.
- Biswas RR, M C D, Rao A S R S, Kadali SRM. Effect of atorvastatin on memory in albino mice. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014; 8:HF01–4.
- Georgieva-Kotetarova MT, Kostadinova, II. Effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on learning and memory in rats with diazepam-induced amnesia. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2013; 55:58–65.
- Vandresen-Filho S, França LM, Alcantara-Junior J, Nogueira LC, de Brito TM, Lopes L, et al. Statins enhance cognitive performance in object location test in albino Swiss mice: involvement of beta-adrenoceptors. Physiol Behav. 2015; 143:27–34.
- Bugáňová M, Pelantová H, Holubová M, Šedivá B, Maletínská L, Železná B, et al. The effects of liraglutide in mice with diet-induced obesity studied by metabolomics. J Endocrinol. 2017; 233:93–104.
- Knudsen LB. Liraglutide: the therapeutic promise from animal models. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2010; (167):4–11.
- Andrikopoulos S, Blair AR, Deluca N, Fam BC, Proietto J. Evaluating the glucose tolerance test in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 295:E1323–32. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90617.2008
- Du L, Liu C, Teng M, Meng Q, Lu J, Zhou Y, et al. Anti-diabetic activities of Paecilomyces tenuipes N45 extract in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Mol Med Rep. 2016; 13:1701–8.
- Eagle AL, Wang H, Robison AJ. Sensitive assessment of hippocampal learning using temporally dissociated passive avoidance task. Bio Protoc. 2016; 6:e1821. doi: 10.21769/BioProtoc.1821
- Damián JP, Acosta V, Da Cuña M, Ramírez I, Oddone N, Zambrana A, et al. Effect of resveratrol on behavioral performance of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice in anxiety tests. Exp Anim. 2014; 63:277–87.
- Bösel J, Gandor F, Harms C, Synowitz M, Harms U, Djoufack PC, et al. Neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in primary cortical neurones. J Neurochem. 2005; 92:1386–98.
- Lu D, Shen L, Mai H, Zang J, Liu Y, Tsang C-K, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors attenuate neuronal damage by suppressing oxygen glucose deprivation-induced activated microglial cells. Neural Plast. 2019; 2019:7675496. doi: 10.1155/2019/7675496
- Li HH, Lin CL, Huang CN. Neuroprotective effects of statins against amyloid b-induced neurotoxicity. Neural Regen Res. 2018; 13:198–206.
- Barone E, Cenini G, Di Domenico F, Martin S, Sultana R, Mancuso C, et al. Long-term high-dose atorvastatin decreases brain oxidative and nitrosative stress in a preclinical model of Alzheimer disease: a novel mechanism of action. Pharmacol Res. 2011; 63:172–80.
- Wassmann S, Laufs U, Muller K, Konkol C, Ahlbory K, Bäumer AT, et al. Cellular antioxidant effects of atorvastatin in vitro and in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002; 22:300–5.
- Farmer JA, Torre-Amione G. Comparative tolerability of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Drug Saf. 2000; 23:197–213.
- Wong ST, Athos J, Figueroa XA, Pineda VV, Schaefer ML, Chavkin CC, et al. Calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity is critical for hippocampus-dependent long-term memory and late phase LTP. Neuron. 1999; 23:787–98.