Figure 1
Figure 2
Prevalence of hyperuricemia according to underlying disease
| Underlying disease condition | Prevalence of hyperuricemia | P |
|---|---|---|
| NAFLD (−) | 76 (12.8) | <0.001 |
| NAFLD (+) | 181 (24.2) | |
| ALT abnormality (−) | 200 (17) | <0.001 |
| ALT abnormality (+) | 57 (34.5) | |
| HTN (−) | 176 (17) | <0.001 |
| HTN (+) | 81 (26.4) | |
| Liver fibrosis (NFS grade £ 1) | 254 (19.1) | 0.82 |
| Liver fibrosis (NFS grade =2) | 3 (21.4) | |
| Diabetes mellitus (−) | 243 (19.3) | 0.49 |
| Diabetes mellitus (+) | 14 (16.3) |
Baseline characteristics, demographic data, and hyperuricemia and metabolic disease prevalence of patients according to presence of NAFLD
| Health check-up patients (N = 1,343) | Normal patients | Patients with NAFLD | Hepatic steatosis status | P† | P for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild FL | Moderate FL | Severe FL | |||||
| Age (years) | 44.1 (13.0) | 48.9 (10.7) | 48.7 (11.2) | 49.5 (10.0) | 46.8 (10.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 265 (44.5) | 509 (68.1) | 261 (60.0) | 196 (79.0) | 52 (81.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Normal weight (BMI <23) | 425 (71.3) | 183 (24.5) | 151 (34.7) | 30 (12.1) | 2 (3.1) | ||
| Overweight (BMI ≥23, <25) | 119 (20.0) | 236 (31.6) | 155 (35.6) | 75 (30.2) | 6 (9.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Obese (BMI ≥25) | 52 (8.7) | 328 (43.9) | 129 (29.7) | 143 (57.7) | 56 (87.5) | ||
| Body weight (kg) | 59 (10) | 70 (11) | 66 (10) | 73 (10) | 82 (13) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 165 (8) | 167 (8) | 166 (8) | 168 (7) | 170 (9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115 (15) | 123 (17) | 120 (16) | 126 (16) | 132 (20) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 73 (7) | 82 (8) | 79 (7) | 85 (6) | 93 (9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Platelet count (×104/mL) | 240 (47) | 244 (51) | 243 (52) | 244 (50) | 250 (51) | 0.17 | 0.38 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 91 (9) | 101 (17) | 98 (14) | 103 (17) | 112 (26) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 85 (39) | 144 (97) | 118 (66) | 174 (120) | 203 (119) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 24 (9) | 27 (13) | 25 (11) | 30 (13) | 38 (18) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 19 (9) | 29 (23) | 22 (15) | 35 (27) | 54 (28) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190 (33) | 199 (37) | 196 (35) | 203 (38) | 206 (38) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 60 (12) | 52 (10) | 54 (10) | 49 (9) | 47 (8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 111 (24) | 122 (27) | 118 (26) | 126 (29) | 128 (29) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SUA (mg/dL) | 5.03 (1.29) | 5.75 (1.38) | 5.46 (1.32) | 6.09 (1.32) | 6.43 (1.51) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| NFS | –2.44 (1.12) | –2.00 (1.15) | –2.01 (1.14) | –2.01 (1.17) | –1.86 (1.17) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Prevalence of hyperuricemia and metabolic disease n (%) | |||||||
| Hyperuricemia (19.1) | 76 (12.8) | 181 (24.2) | 71 (16.3) | 80 (32.3) | 30 (46.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HTN (22.9) | 72 (12.1) | 235 (31.5) | 113 (26.0) | 90 (36.3) | 32 (50.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Low LDL or statin medication(24.3) | 93 (15.6) | 234 (31.3) | 114 (26.2) | 99 (39.9) | 21 (32.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DM (6.4) | 15 (2.5) | 71 (9.5) | 25 (5.7) | 33 (13.3) | 13 (20.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Multivariate risk factor analysis for patients with elevated NFS grade by logistic regression
| Variable | NFS grade | Odds ratio | Confidence interval | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (n = 1,051) | ≥1 (n = 292) | ||||
| Age (year) | 44.7 (12) | 54.3 (8.9) | 1.08 | 1.06–1.09 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 572 (54.4) | 202 (69.2) | 1.59 | 1.15–2.20 | 0.005 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (3.1) | 25.2 (3.2) | 1.27 | 1.20–1.34 | <0.001 |
| HTN | 205 (19.5) | 102 (34.9) | 0.73 | 0.51–1.04 | 0.085 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 36 (3.4) | 50 (17.1) | 2.82 | 1.70–4.69 | <0.001 |
| NAFLD | 538 (51.2) | 209 (71.6) | 0.97 | 0.68–1.39 | 0.88 |
| Abnormal ALT | 115 (10.9) | 50 (17.1) | 0.68 | 0.43–1.05 | 0.082 |
| Hyperuricemia | 198 (18.8) | 59 (20.2) | 0.94 | 0.65–1.37 | 0.75 |