References
- 1. Matakas F, Van Waechter R, Knupling R. Increase in cerebral perfusion pressure by arterial hypertension in brain swelling. A mathematical mode of the volumepressure relationship. J Neurosurg. 1975; 42:282-9.
- 2. Fukuda S, Hashimoto N, Nozaki K, Nishimura M. Pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysm: evidences using experimentally induced cerebral aneurysm models. Asian Biomed. 2009; 3:229-36.
- 3. Palmer JD, Sparrow OC, Lammotti F. Postoperative hematoma: a 5-year survey and identification of avoidable risk factors. Neurosurgery. 1994; 35:1061-4.10.1227/00006123-199412000-00007
- 4. Pinosky ML, Fishman RL, Reeves ST, Harvey SC, Patel S, Palesch Y, et al. The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy. Anesth Analg. 1996; 83: 1256-61.10.1213/00000539-199612000-00022
- 5. Hillman DR, Rung GW, Thompson WR, Davis NJ. The effect of bupivacaine for scalp infiltration on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy under general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1987; 67:1001-3.
- 6. Hartley EJ, Bissonnette B, St-Louis P, Rybczynski J, McLeod E. Scalp infiltration with bupivacaine in pediatric brain surgery. Anesth Analg. 1991; 73:29-32.
- 7. Bloomfield E, Schubert A, Secic M, Barnett G, Shutway F, Ebrahim ZY. The influence of scalp infiltration with bupivacaine on hemodynamics and postoperative pain in adult patients undergoing craniotomy. Anesth Analg. 1998; 87;579-82.
- 8. Dunbar PJ, Visco E, Lam AM. Craniotomy procedures are associated with less analgesic requirements than other surgical procedures. Anesth Analg. 1999; 88: 335-40.
- 9. Benediltis GD, Lorenzetti A, Migliore M, Spagnoli D, Tiberio F, Villani RM . Postoperative pain in neurosurgery: a pilot study in brain surgery. Neurosurgery.1996; 38:466-9.
- 10. Quiney N, Cooper R, Stoneham M. Pain after craniotomy. A time for reappraisal? Br J Neurosurg. 1996; 10:295-9.
- 11. Biswas BK, Bithal PK. Preincision 0.25% bupivacaine scalp infiltration and postcraniotomy pain: A randomized double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Neurosurg. Anesthesiol. 2003; 15:234-9.
- 12. Law-Koune JD, Szekely B, Fermanian C, Peuch C, Liu N, Fischler M. Scalp infiltration with bupivacaine plus epinephrine or plain ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain after supratentorial craniotomy. J Neurosurg Anesthsiol. 2005; 17:139-43.
- 13. Grossman R, Ram Z, Presel A, Yusim Y, Zaslansky R, Berkenstadt H. Control of postoperative pain after awake craniotomy with local intradermal analgesia and metamizol. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007; 9:360-2.
- 14. Nguyen A, Girard F, Boudreault D, Fugere F, Ruel M, Moumdjian R, et al. Scalp nerve blocks decrease the severity of pain after craniotomy. Anesth Analg. 2001; 93: 1272-6.
- 15. Bala I, Gupta B, Bhardwaj N, Effects of scalp block on postoperative pain relief in craniotomy patients. Anesth Intensive Care. 2006; 34:224-7.
- 16. Ayoub C, Girard F, Boudreault D, Chouinard P, Ruel M, Moumdjian R. A comparison between scalp nerve block and morphine for transitional analgesia after remifentanil-based anesthesia in neurosurgery. Anesth Analg. 2006; 103: 1237-40.
- 17. De Gray LC, Matta BF. Acute and chronic pain following craniotomy: a review. Anaesthesia. 2005; 60: 693-704. 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.03997.x
- 18. Goldsak C, Scuplak M, Smith M. A double-blind comparison of codeine and morphine for postoperative analgesia following intracranial surgery. Anaesthesia. 1996; 51:1029-32.10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb14997.x
- 19. Stoneham MD, Cooper R, Quiney NF, Walter FJM. Pain following craniotomy: a preliminary study comparing PCA morphine with intramuscular codeine phosphate. Anaesthesia. 1996; 51:1176-8.
- 20. Tanskanen P, Kytta J, Randell T. Patient-controlled analgesia with oxycodone in the treatment of postcraniotomy pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996; 43:42-5.
- 21. Jeffrey HM, Charlton P, Mellor DJ, Moss E, Vucevic M. Analgesia after intracranial surgery: a double-blind, prospective comparison of codeine and tramadol. Br J Anaesth. 1999; 83:245-9.
- 22. Sudheer PS, Logan SW, Terblanche C, Ateleanu B, Hall JE. Comparison of the analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of morphine, tramadol and codeine after craniotomy. Anaesthesia. 2007; 63:555-60.10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05038.x
- 23. Verchere E, Grenier B, Mesli A, Siao D, Sesay M, Maurette P. Postoperative management after supratentorial craniotomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2002; 14:96-101.
- 24. Thibault M, Girard F, Moumdjian R, Chouinard P, Beudreault D, Ruel M. Craniotomy site influences postoperative pain following neurosurgical procedures; a retrospective study. Can J Anaesth. 2007; 54:544-8