Prevalence of sarcopenia and frailty and their effects on health status and quality of life in older adults with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus

Source	SS	df	MS	F	P-value	Effect size
Sarcopenia	693.5	1	693.5	3.57	0.060	0.013
Frailty	2745.6	2	1372.8	7.06	0.001	0.049
Sarcopenia’ frailty interaction	2175.3	2	1087.6	5.59	0.004	0.039
Error	53,285.1	274	194.5
Total	3,454,043.0	280

Health status and QoL as dependent variable (n = 280)_

Sarcopenia	Frailty	Health status mean (SD)	QoL (mean, SD)	n
No risk of sarcopenia	Robust	6.8 (0.79)	111.2 (13.27)	223
	Pre-frail	6.1 (1.41)	106.5 (15.44)	20
	Frail	6.4 (1.34)	110.8 (24.82)	5
	Total	6.7 (0.89)	110.8 (13.72)	248
At risk of sarcopenia	Robust	6.8 (0.78)	116.3 (11.93)	15
	Pre-frail	4.4 (1.13)	104.7 (23.40)	7
	Frail	2.5 (2.56)	87.6 (14.69)	10
	Total	4.9 (2.46)	104.8 (19.82)	32
Total	All categories	6.5 (1.30)	110.1 (14.62)	280

The demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants (n = 280)_

Demographic and clinical characteristics	n	Percentage (%)
Age (mean = 66.2, SD = 4.8) min = 60, max = 78
60-69 years	205	73.2
70-79 years	75	26.8
Gender
Male	97	34.6
Female	183	65.4
Education level
Lower than elementary	2	0.7
Elementary school	178	63.6
High school	77	27.5
Bachelor’s degree	23	8.2
Occupation
Unemployed	108	38.6
Farmer	57	20.4
General laborer	74	26.4
Merchant	37	13.2
Retired government officer	4	1.4
BMI (mean = 24.7, SD = 3.8) min = 17.2, max = 42.9
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m²)	3	1.1
Normal (18.5-22.9 kg/m²)	91	32.5
Overweight (23.0-24.9 kg/m²)	96	34.3
Obese I (25.0-29.9 kg/m²)	68	24.3
Obese II (>30.0 kg/m²)	22	7.8
Number of comorbidities
1-4	263	93.9
5-8	17	6.1
Health status
Worst health	7	2.5
Moderate health	32	11.4
Best health	241	86.1

Prevalence of sarcopenia and frailty in older adults with uncontrolled T2D (n = 280)_

Variable	n	Percentage (%)
Sarcopenia
SARC-F 0-3 points	248	88.6
SARC-F ≥4 points	32	11.4
Frailty
Robust (0-1)	238	85.0
Pre-Frail (2)	27	9.6
Frail (≥3)	15	5.4

The health status among different symptoms

Source	SS	df	MS	F	P-value	Effect size
Sarcopenia	54.5	1	54.5	57.19	<0.001	0.173
Frailty	77.2	2	38.6	40.53	<0.001	0.228
Sarcopenia × frailty interaction	45.2	2	22.6	23.71	<0.001	0.148
Error	260.9	274	0.95
Total	12,328.0	280

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/FON-2026-0028 | Journal eISSN: 2544-8994 | Journal ISSN: 2097-5368

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Language: English

Page range: 241 - 249

Submitted on: Jul 14, 2025

Accepted on: Aug 21, 2025

Published on: Jul 3, 2026

Published by: Shanxi Medical Periodical Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

frailty,

Related subjects:

Assistive professions, nursing

© 2026 Daravan Rongmuang, Jeraporn Tongdee, Truong Thanh Nam, published by Shanxi Medical Periodical Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 13 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)