Table 1
Demographic characteristics of participants (n = 200).
| Items | n (%) | M ± SD | 95% interval Coefficient | Age range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 104 (52) | |||
| Female | 96 (48) | |||
| Age (years) | 54.9 ± 8.7 | 53.7–56.2 | 36–80 |
Table 2
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the participants by groups at the time of inclusion in the study (n = 100).
| Clinical and biochemical characteristics | Groups (M ± SD) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | ||
| Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 129.30 ± 11.80 | 131.50 ± 7.50 | 0.111* |
| Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 74.50 ± 8.40 | 74.40 ± 7.10 | 0.678* |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.03 ± 0.25 | 6.90 ± 0.34 | 0.118* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.70 ± 1.80 | 26.90 ± 1.40 | 0.361* |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 218.37 ± 43.50 | 213.33 ± 43.20 | 0.412* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 228.70 ± 99.20 | 211.12 ± 75.50 | 0.100* |
[i] Note: *t-test; P < 0.05 is considered significant.
Table 3
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the participants by groups after intervention.
| Clinical and biochemical characteristics | Intervention group | Control group | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c (%) | 6.20 | 6.80 | 0.001* |
| Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 128.50 | 130.53 | 0.199 |
| Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 74.60 | 74.50 | 0.860 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 207.18 | 210.20 | 0.188 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 197.07 | 208.60 | 0.187 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.30 | 26.90 | 0.001* |
[i] Note: *t-test; P < 0.05 is considered significant.
Table 4
Values of clinical and biochemical characteristics of the participants at the end of the study.
| Items | Intervention group | Control group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | After 6 months | P | Baseline | After 6 months | P | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.02 | 6.23 | 0.001* | 6.90 | 6.81 | 0.001* |
| Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 129.38 | 128.54 | 0.001* | 131.50 | 130.50 | 0.020* |
| Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 74.57 | 74.65 | 0.535 | 74.40 | 74.46 | 0.695 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 218.37 | 207.18 | 0.001* | 213.30 | 210.20 | 0.001* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 228.57 | 197.70 | 0.001* | 210.70 | 208.60 | 0.170 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.65 | 25.32 | 0.001* | 26.80 | 26.90 | 0.678 |
[i] Note: *t-test; P < 0.05 is considered significant.
Table 5
Comparison of the mean differences in values of the clinical and biochemical characteristics of the participants before and after the intervention.
| The mean differences in values of the clinical and biochemical characteristics | Group (mean) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | -1.3203 | 0.0090 | 0.001* |
| HbA1c (%) | -0.7906 | -0.0854 | 0.001* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | -31.5025 | -2.1054 | 0.001* |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | -11.1878 | -3.0894 | 0.001* |
| Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 0.0800 | 0.0600 | 0.715 |
| Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | -0.8400 | -1.0200 | 0.914 |
[i] Note: *t-test; P < 0.05 is considered significant.
Table 6
The distribution of participants by level of reduction of HbA1c value and study groups.
| Group | Reduction of HbA1c <15% | Reduction of HbA1c = 15% |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | 57% | 43% |
| Control | 98% | 2% |
Table 7
Effects of education in lowering HbA1c by 15%.
| Group | OR* | 95% Coefficient interval | OR** | 95% Coefficient interval | OR*** | 95% Coefficient interval |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | 36.9† | 8.7–161.9 | 37.6† | 8.7–162 | 37.9† | 8.7–162 |
| Control^ | 1 | 1 | 1 |
[i] Note: *Odds ratio raw; **Odds ratio controlled for gender; ***Odds ratio controlled for gender and age; ^Reference; †Significant in 0.05.