Figure 1
Distribution of study sample regarding individual characteristics (N=154)_
| Obstacle | Rank | Strongly disagree | Disagree | Unsure | Strongly agree | Agree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Unwilling to try new ideas | 1 | 2 | 1.4 | 5 | 3.3 | 10 | 6.5 | 53 | 34.6 | 83 | 54.2 |
| Low benefits from changing practice | 2 | 2 | 1.3 | 8 | 5.2 | 10 | 7.4 | 77 | 50.4 | 56 | 36.7 |
| Research is not valuable for practice | 3 | 3 | 2.0 | 8 | 5.2 | 15 | 9.8 | 60 | 39.2 | 68 | 44.4 |
| Inability to evaluate research quality | 4 | 7 | 4.5 | 11 | 7.2 | 10 | 6.5 | 66 | 43.1 | 59 | 38.5 |
| Little benefit for self | 5 | 9 | 5.9 | 14 | 9.1 | 9 | 5.9 | 71 | 46.4 | 50 | 32.6 |
| There is no need to change practice | 6 | 5 | 3.3 | 11 | 7.2 | 18 | 11.8 | 72 | 47.1 | 47 | 30.7 |
| Lack of awareness about the research | 7 | 25 | 16.3 | 13 | 8.5 | 16 | 10.5 | 65 | 42.5 | 34 | 22.2 |
| No contact with colleagues | 8 | 15 | 9.8 | 37 | 24.2 | 17 | 11.1 | 62 | 40.5 | 22 | 14.4 |
| Distrust from the research results | 9 | 26 | 16.9 | 45 | 29.5 | 17 | 11.2 | 50 | 32.6 | 15 | 9.8 |
Distribution of study sample regarding research accessibility (N=154)
| Obstacle | Rank | Strongly disagree | Disagree | Unsure | Strongly agree | Agree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Implication for practice is vague | 1 | 5 | 3.3 | 4 | 2.6 | 11 | 7.2 | 57 | 37.3 | 76 | 49.6 |
| Research articles are not clear | 2 | 11 | 7.2 | 4 | 2.6 | 5 | 3.3 | 79 | 51.6 | 54 | 33.3 |
| Researches are irrelevant to practice | 3 | 7 | 4.5 | 9 | 5.9 | 11 | 7.2 | 81 | 52.9 | 45 | 29.5 |
| Statistical analyses are unclear | 4 | 15 | 9.8 | 18 | 11.8 | 9 | 5.9 | 48 | 31.4 | 63 | 41.1 |
| Research articles are not available | 5 | 17 | 11.1 | 22 | 14.4 | 12 | 7.8 | 61 | 39.9 | 41 | 26.8 |
Correlation between EBP obstacles and nurses’ sociodemographic data (N=154)_
| Sociodemographic data | Individual characteristics | Organizational limitations | Research quality | Research accessibility | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | |
| Age | 0.81 | 0.03* | 0.18 | 0.27 | –0.54 | 0.03* | –0.57 | 0.04* |
| Sex | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 0.060 | 0.29 | 0.03* |
| Level of education | 0.52 | 0.01* | 0.29 | 1.12 | 0.613 | 0.001** | 0.81 | 0.02* |
| Clinic area | 0.23 | 0.003* | 0.29 | 0.000** | 0.71 | 0.087 | 0.25 | 0.74 |
| Years of experience | 0.32 | 0.000** | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.008* | –0.74 | 0.001** |
Distribution of study sample regarding organizational limitations (N=154)_
| Obstacle | Rank | Strongly disagree | Disagree | Unsure | Strongly agree | Agree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Inadequate facilities | 1 | 4 | 2.6 | 8 | 5.2 | 3 | 2.0 | 80 | 52.3 | 58 | 37.9 |
| Lack of authority to change care | 2 | 7 | 4.6 | 4 | 2.6 | 10 | 6.5 | 67 | 43.7 | 65 | 42.5 |
| There is no library at the hospital | 3 | 7 | 4.6 | 12 | 7.8 | 4 | 2.6 | 83 | 54.2 | 47 | 30.7 |
| Other staff are not supportive | 4 | 9 | 5.9 | 12 | 7.8 | 4 | 2.6 | 62 | 40.5 | 66 | 43.1 |
| Results are not universal to own setting | 6 | 7 | 4.6 | 12 | 7.8 | 7 | 4.6 | 80 | 52.3 | 47 | 30.7 |
| Lack of time to read research | 5 | 9 | 5.9 | 9 | 5.9 | 12 | 7.8 | 57 | 37.3 | 66 | 43.1 |
| Administration hinder achievement | 7 | 4 | 2.6 | 30 | 19.6 | 9 | 5.9 | 72 | 47.1 | 38 | 24.8 |
| Insufficient time to apply a new idea | 8 | 11 | 7.2 | 9 | 5.9 | 35 | 22.9 | 48 | 31.4 | 50 | 32.7 |
| Physicians are not cooperative | 9 | 4 | 2.6 | 47 | 30.7 | 10 | 6.5 | 69 | 45.1 | 23 | 15.0 |
Rank of obstacles and percentages of nurses who perceived them as high and moderate_
| Obstacles | Rank | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Obstacle I: Organizational limitations | 1 | 90.9 |
| Obstacle II: Research quality | 2 | 86.9 |
| Obstacle III: Research accessibility | 3 | 51.0 |
| Obstacle IV: Individual characteristics | 4 | 35.9 |
Distribution of study sample regarding research quality (N=154)_
| Obstacle | Rank | Strongly disagree | Disagree | Unsure | Strongly agree | Agree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Publishing takes a long time | 1 | 7 | 4.6 | 4 | 2.6 | 4 | 2.6 | 59 | 38.5 | 79 | 51.6 |
| The language of published researches | 2 | 9 | 5.9 | 7 | 4.6 | 4 | 2.6 | 60 | 39.2 | 73 | 47.7 |
| Conclusions are not reasonable | 3 | 11 | 7.2 | 11 | 7.2 | 9 | 5.9 | 72 | 47.1 | 50 | 32.7 |
| Literature has conflicting results | 4 | 15 | 9.8 | 4 | 2.6 | 15 | 9.8 | 59 | 38.6 | 60 | 39.2 |
| Research has not been replicated | 5 | 15 | 9.8 | 11 | 7.2 | 13 | 8.5 | 54 | 35.3 | 60 | 39.2 |
| Methodological inadequacies | 6 | 19 | 12.4 | 22 | 14.4 | 15 | 9.8 | 46 | 30.1 | 51 | 33.3 |
| Research information is vast | 7 | 15 | 9.8 | 24 | 15.7 | 24 | 15.7 | 58 | 37.9 | 32 | 20.9 |
Frequency distribution of studied nurses regarding sociodemographic characteristics (N=154)_
| Sociodemographic characteristics | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 10 | 6.5 |
| Female | 143 | 93.5 |
| Age (years) | ||
| <35 | 54 | 35.4 |
| 35-<45 | 78 | 51 |
| ≥45 | 21 | 13.6 |
| M±SD | 39.9±13.9 | |
| Level of education | ||
| Secondary schools | 99 | 64.7 |
| Technical Institute | 32 | 20.8 |
| Bachelor degree | 13 | 8.5 |
| Postgraduation degree | 9 | 5.9 |
| Years of work experience | ||
| <10 | 50 | 32.7 |
| 10-<15 | 79 | 51.6 |
| ≥15 | 24 | 15.6 |
| M±SD | 13.9±8.5 | |
| Clinical department | ||
| Medical department | 32 | 20.8 |
| Surgical department | 24 | 15.6 |
| Critical care units | 26 | 16.9 |
| Operating theater | 21 | 13.6 |
| Outpatient clinics | 51 | 33.1 |