References
- Stetzenbach LD, Buttner MP, Cruz P. Detection and enumeration of airborne biocontaminants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2004;15:170-4.
- Shelton BG, Kirkland KH, Flanders WD, Morris GK. Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States. App Environ Microbiol 2002;68:1743-53.
- Górny RL, Dutkiewicz J. Bacterial and fungal aerosols in indoor environment in Central and Eastern European countries. Ann Agric Environ Med 2002;9:17-23.
- Jo WK, Seo YJ. Indoor and outdoor bioaerosol levels at recreation facilities, elementary schools, and homes. Chemosphere 2005;61:1570-9.
- Bartlett KH, Kennedy SM, Brauer M, van Netten C, Dill B. Evaluation and a predictive model of airborne fungal concentrations in school classrooms. Ann Occup Hyg 2004;48:547-54.
- Šegvić Klarić M, Pepeljnjak S. A year-round aeromycological study in Zagreb area, Croatia. Ann Agric Environ Med 2006;13:55-64.
- Ianovici N, Tudorica D. Aeromycoflora in outdoor environment of Timisoara city (Romania). Not Sci Biol 2009;1:21-8.
- Peternel R, Čulig J, Hrga I. Atmospheric concentrations of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. spores in Zagreb (Croatia) and effects of some meteorological factors. Ann Agric Environ Med 2004;11:303-7.
- Pulimood TB, Corden JM, Bryden C, Sharples L, Nasser SM. Epidemic asthma and the role of the fungal mold Alternaria alternata. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120:610-7.
- Cabral JPS. Can we use indoor fungi as bioindicators of indoor air quality? Historical perspectives and open questions. Sci Total Environ 2010;408:4285-95.
- Fischer G, Dott W. Relevance of airborne fungi and their secondary metabolites for environmental, occupational and indoor hygiene. Arch Microbiol 2003;179:75-82.
- Horner WE, Worthan AG, Morey PR. Air- and dustborne mycoflora in houses free of water damage and fungal growth. App Environ Microbiol 2004;70:6394-400.
- Pei-Chih W, Huey-Jen S, Chia-Yin L. Characteristics of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi at suburban and urban homes in two seasons. Sci Total Environ 2000;253:111-8.
- Jacob B, Ritz B, Gehring U, Koch A, Bischof W, Wichmann HE. Indoor exposure to mold and allergic sensitization. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110:647-53.
- Vesper S, McKinstry C, Haugland R, Neas L, Hudgens E, Heidenfelder B, Gallagher J. Higher environmental relative moldiness index (ERMIsm) values measured in Detroit homes of severely asthmatic children. Sci Total Environ 2008;394:192-6.
- Su HJ, Wu PC, Chen HL, Lee FC, Lin LL. Exposure assessment of indoor allergens, endotoxin, and airborne fungi for homes in Southern Taiwan. Environ Res 2001;85:135-44.
- Liang Y, Zhao W, Xu J, Miller JD. Characterization of two related exoantigens from the biodeteriogenic fungus Aspergillus versicolor. Int Biodeter Biodeg 2011;65:217-26.
- Chew GL, Wilson J, Rabito FA, Grimsley F, Iqbal S, Reponen T, Mullenberg ML, Thorne PS, Dearborn DG, Morley RL. Mold and endotoxin levels in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina: A pilot project of homes in New Orleans undergoing renovation. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1883-9.
- Solomon GM, Hjelmroos-Koski M, Rotkin-Ellman MR, Hammond SK. Airborne mold and endotoxin concentrations in New Orleans, Louisiana, after flooding, Octobar through November 2005. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1381-6.
- McCartney HA, Schmechel D, Lacey ME. Aerodynamic diameter of conidia of Alternaria species. Plant Pathol 1993;42:280-6.
- Kildesø J, Würtz H, Nielsen KF, Kruse P, Wilkins K, Thrane U, Gravesen S, Nielson PA, Schneider T. Determination of fungal spore release from wet building materials. Indoor Air 2003;13:148-55.
- Horner WE, Helbling A, Salvaggio JE, Lehrer SB. Fungal allergens. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995;8:161-79.
- Reponen T, Grinshpun SA, Conwell KL, Wiest J, Anderson M. Aerodynamic versus physical size of spores: measurement and implication for respiratory deposition. Grana 2001:40:119-25.
- Górny RL, Reponen T, Willeke K, Schmechel D, Robine E, Boissier M, Grinshpun A. Fungal fragments as indoor air biocontaminants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:3522-31.
- Green BJ, Tovey ER, Sercombe JK, Blachere FM, Beezhold DH, Schmechel D. Airborne fungal fragments and allergenicity. Med Mycol 2006;44(Suppl 1):S245-55.
- Cho SH, Seo SC, Schmechel D, Grinshpun SA, Reponen T. Aerodynamic characteristics and respiratory deposition of fungal fragments. Atmos Environ 2005;39:5454-65.
- Brasel TL, Douglas DR, Wilson SC, Straus DC. Detection of airborne Stachybotrys chartarum macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins on particulates smaller than conidia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:114-22.
- Seo SC, Reponen T, Levin L, Grinshpun SA. Size-fractionated (1→3)-β-D-glucan concentrations aerosolized from different moldy building materials. Sci Total Environ 2009;407:806-14.
- Reponen T, Seo SC, Grimsley F, Lee T, Crawford C, Grinshpun SA. Fungal fragments in moldy houses: a field study in homes in New Orleans and South Ohio. Atmos Environ 2007;41:8140-9.
- Meklin T, Reponen T, Toivola M, Koponen V, Husman T, Hyvärinen A, Nevalainen A. Size distributions of airborne microbes in moisture-damaged and reference school buildings of two construction types. Atmos Environ 2002;36:6031-9.
- Green BJ, Sercombe JK, Tovey ER. Fungal fragments and undocumented conidia function as new aeroallergen source. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115:1043-8.
- Sporik RB, Arruda LK, Woodfolk J, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TAE. Environmental exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus allergen (Asp f I). Clin Exp Allergy 1993;23:326-31.
- Kurup VP, Shen HD, Banerjee B. Respiratory fungal allergy. Microbes Infect 2000;2:1101-10.
- Ronning CM, Fedorova ND, Bowyer P, Coulson R, Goldman G, Kim HS, Turner G, Wortman JR, Yu J, Anderson MJ, Denning DW, Nierman WC. Genomics of Aspergillus fumigatus. Rev Iberoam Micol 2005;22:223-8.
- Abad A, Fernández-Molina JV, Bikandi J, Ramirez A, Margareto J, Sendino J, Hernando FL, Pontón J, Garaizar J, Rementeria A. What makes Aspergillus fumigatus a successful pathogen? Genes and molecules involved in invasive aspergillosis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2010:27:155-82.
- Latgé JP, Moutaouakil M, Debeaupuis JP, Bouchara JP, Haynes K, Prévost MC. The 18-kilodalton antigen secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 1991;59:2586-94.
- Arruda LK, Mann BJ, Chapman MD. Selective expression of a major allergen and cytotoxin, Asp f 1, in Aspergillus fumigatus. Implications for the immunopathogenesis of Aspergillus related diseases. J Immunol 1992;149:3354-9.
- Rementeria A, López-Molina N, Ludwig A, Vivanco AB, Bikandi J, Pontón J. Garaizar J. Genes and molecules involved in Aspergillus fumigatus virulence. Rev Iberoam Micol 2005;22:1-23.
- Madan T, Priyadarsiny P, Vaid M, Kamal N, Shah A, Haq W, Bandacharya Katti S, Usha Sarma P. Use of a synthetic peptide epitope of Asp f 1, a major allergen or antigen of Aspergillus fumigatus, for improved immunodiagnosis of allergenic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004;11:552-8.
- Latgé JP. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:310-50.
- Bowyer P, Fraczek M, Denning DW. Comparative genomics of fungal allergens and epitopes shows widespread distribution of closely related allergen and epitope ortologues. BMC Genomics 2006;7:251-64.
- Glaser AG, Kirsch AI, Zeller S, Menz G, Rhyner C, Crameri R. Molecular and immunological characterization of Asp f 34, a novel major cell wall allergen of Aspergillus fumigatus. Allergy 2009;64:1144-51.
- Benndorf D, Müller A, Bock K, Manuwald O, Herbarth O, von Bergen M. Identification of spore allergens from the indoor mould Aspergillus versicolor. Allergy 2008;63:454-60.
- Bush RK, Prochnau JJ. Alternaria-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:227-34.
- Asturias JA, Arilla MC, Ibarrola I, Eraso E, González-Rioja R, Martinez A. A sensitive two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of the major Alternaria alternata allergen Alt a 1. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003;90:529-35.
- Kleine-Tebbe J, Worm N, Jeep S, Mathiessen F, Lowenstein H, Kungel G. Predominance of the major allergen (Alt a 1) in Alternaria sensitized patients. Clin Exp Allergy 1993;23:211-8.
- Postigo I, Gutiánrez-Rodriguez A, Fernández J, Guisantes JA, Suňén E, Martinez J. Diagnostic value of Alt a 1, fungal enolase and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase in the component-resolved diagnosis of allergy to pleosporaceae. Clin Exp Allergy 2011:41:443-51.
- Gutiérrez-Rodriguez A, Postigo I, Guisantes JA, Suňén E, Martinez J. Identification of allergens homologous to Alt a 1 from Stemphylium botryosum and Ulocladium botrytis. Med Mycol 2011. (doi:10.3109/13693786.2011.576350)
- Schmechel D, Simpson JP, Beezhold D, Lewis DM. The development of species-specific immunodiagnostics for Stachybotrys chartarum: The role of cross-reactivity. J Immunol Methods 2006;309:150-9.
- Kurup VP, Banerjee B. Fungal allergens and peptide epitopes. Peptides 2000;21:589-99.
- Crameri R, Zeller S, Glaser AG, Vilhelmsson M, Rhyner C. Cross-reactivity among fungal allergens: a clinically relevant phenomenon? Mycoses 2008;52:99-106.
- Mitakakis TZ, Barnes C, Tovey ER. Spore germination increases allergen release from Alternaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:388-90.
- Green BJ, MitakakisTZ, Tovey ER. Allergen detection from 11 fungal species before and after germination. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:285-9.
- Portnoy JM, Barnes CS, Kennedy K. Sampling for indoor fungi. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:189-98.
- Tovey ER, Green BJ. Measuring environmental fungal exposure. Med Mycol 2005;43(Suppl 1):S67-70.
- Dillon KH, Boling DK, Miller JD. Comparison of detection methods for Aspergillus fumigatus in environmental air samples in an occupational environment. J Occup Environ Hyg 2007;4:509-13.
- Adhikari A, Jung J, Reponen T, Lewis JS, DeGrasse EC, Grimsley LF, Chew GL, Grinshpun SA. Aerosilization of fungi, (1→3)-β-D glucan, and endotoxin from flood-affected materials collected in New Orleans homes. Environ Res 2009;109:215-24.
- Chew GL, Rogers C, Burge HA, Muilenberg ML, Gold DR. Dustborne and airborne fungal propagules represent a different spectrum of fungi with differing relations to home characteristics. Allergy 2003;58:13-20.
- Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM. Bioaerosols and sick building syndrome: particles, inflammation, and allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;5:135-9.
- Goebes MD, Boehm AB, Hildemann LM. Contributions of foot traffic and outdoor concentrations to indoor airborne Aspegillus. Aerosol Sci Technol 2011;45:352-63.
- Goebes MD, Baron EJ, Mathews KL, Hildemann LM. Effect of building construction on Aspergillus concentrations in a hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:462-4.
- Pitkäranta M, Meklin T, Hyvärinen A, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Nevalainen A, Rintala H. Analysis of fungal flora in indoor dust by ribosomal DNA sequence analysis, quantitative PCR, and culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008;74:233-44.
- Green BJ, Schmechel D, Sercombe JK, Tovey ER. Enumeration and detection of aerosolized Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium chrysogenum conidia and hyphae using a novel double immunostaining technique. J Immunol Methods 2005;307:127-34.
- Salo PM, Arbes SJ Jr, Crockett PW, Thorne PS, Cohn RD, Zeldin DC. Exposure to multiple indoor allergens in US homes and its relationship to asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121:678-84.
- Schmechel D, Green BJ, Blachere FM, Janotka E, Beezhold DH. Analytical bias of cross-reactive polyclonal antibodies for environmental immunoassays of Alternaria alternata. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121:763-8.
- Schmechel D, Simpson JP, Lewis DM. The production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the fungus Aspergillus versicolor. Indoor Air 2005;15(Suppl 9):11-9.
- Abebe M, Kumar V, Rajan S, Thaker A, Sevinc S, Vijay HM. Detection of recombinant Alt a1 in a two-site, IgM based, sandwich ELISA opens up possibilities of developing alternative assays for the allergens. J Immunol Methods 2006;312:111-7.
- Prester Lj, Macan J. Determination of Alt a 1 (Alternaria alternata) in poultry farms and a sawmill using ELISA. Med Mycol 2010;48:298-301.
- Prester Lj, Macan J, Matković K, Vučemilo M. Determination of Aspergillus fumigatus allergen 1 in poultry farms using the enzyme immunoassay. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2010;61:167-73.
- Ryan TJ, Whitehead LW, Connor TH, Burau KD. Survey of the Asp f 1 allergen in office environments. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2001;16:679-84.
- Vailes L, Sridhara S, Cromwell O, Weber B, Breitenbach M, Chapman M. Quantitation of the major fungal allergens, Alt a 1 and Asp f 1, in commercial allergenic products. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:641-6.
- Loo CK, Foty RG, Wheeler AJ, Miller JD, Evans G, Stieb DM, Dell SD. Do questions reflecting indoor air pollutant exposure from a questionnaire predict direct measure of exposure in owner-occupied houses? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010;7:3270-97.
- Noss I, Wouters IM, Bezemer G, Metwali N, Sander I, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Heederik DJJ, Thorne PS, Doekes G. β-(1,3)-Glucan exposure assessment by passive airborne dust sampling and new sensitive immunoassays. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:1158-67.
- Foto M, Vrijmoed LLP, Miller JD, Ruest K, Lawton M, Dales RE. A comparison of airborne ergosterol, glucan and Air-O-Cell data in relation to physical assessments of mold damage and some other parameters. Indoor Air 2005;15:257-66.
- Douwes J, Siebers R, Wouters IM, Doekes G, Fitzharris P, Crane J. Endotoxin, (1→3)-β-D-glucans and fungal extra-cellular polysaccharides in New Zealand homes: a pilot study. Ann Agric Environ Med 2006;13:361-5.
- Salare VR, Hinde CA, Miller JD. Analysis of settled dust in homes and fungal glucan in air particulate collected during HEPA vacuuming. Indoor Built Environ 2009;18:485-91.
- Park SJ, Mehrad B. Innate immunity to Aspergillus species. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22:535-51.
- Latgé JP. The pathobiology of Aspergillus fumigatus. Trends Microbiol 2001;9:382-9.
- Osborne M, Reponen T, Adhikari A, Cho SH, Grinshpun SA, Levin L, Bernstein DI, LeMasters G. Specific fungal exposures, allergic sensitization, and rhinitis in infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006;17:450-7.
- Salo PM, Arbes SJ Jr, Sever M, Jaramillo R, Cohn RD, London SJ, Zeldin DC. Exposure to Alternaria alternata in US homes is associated with asthma symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:892-8.
- Stark PC, Celedón JC, Chew GL, Ryan LM, Burge HA, Muilenberg ML, Gold DR. Fungal levels in the home and allergic rhinitis by 5 years of age. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:1405-9.
- Gent JF, Ren P, Belanger K, Triche E, Bracken MB, Holford TR, Leaderer BP. Levels of household mold associated with respiratory symptoms in the first year of life in a cohort at risk for asthma. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110:A781-6.
- Wüethrich B. Epidemiology of allergic diseases: are they really on the increase? Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1989:90(Suppl 1):3-10.
- Heinzerling L, Frew AJ, Bindslev-Jensen C, Bonini S, Bousquet J, Bresciani M, Carlsen KH, van Cauwenberge P, Darsow U, Fokkens WJ, Haahtela T, van Hoecke H, Jessberger B, Kowalski ML, Kopp T, Lahoz CN, Lodrup Carlsen KC, Papadopoulos NG, Ring J, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Vignola AM, Wöhrl S, Zuberbier T. Standard skin prick testing and sensitization to inhalant allergens across Europe - a survey from the GA2LEN network. Allergy 2005;60:1287-300.
- Pasanen P, Korpi A, Kalliokoski P, Pasanen AL. Growth and volatile metabolite production of Aspergillus versicolor in house dust. Environ Int 1997;23:425-32.
- Pongracic JA, O'Connor GT, Muilenberg ML, Vaughn B, Gold DR, Kattan M, Morgan WJ, Gruchalla RS, Smartt E, Mitchell HE. Different effects of outdoor versus indoor fungal spores on asthma morbidity in inner-city children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:593-9.
- Katz Y, Verleger H, Barr J, Rachmiel M, Kiviti S, Kuttin ES. Indoor survey of moulds and prevalence of mould atopy in Israel. Clin Exp Allergy 1999;29:186-92.
- Crameri R, Blaser K. Allergy and immunity to fungal infections and colonization. Eur Respir J 2002;19:151-7.
- Crameri R, Hemmann S, Ismail C, Menz G, Blaser K. Disease-specific recombinant allergens for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Int Immunol 1998;10:1211-6.
- Fricker-Hidalgo H, Coltey B, Llerena C, Renversez JC, Grillot R, Pin I, Pelloux H, Pinel C. Recombinant allergens combined with biological markers in the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010;17:1330-6.
- Nielsen KF. Mycotoxin production by indoor molds. Fungal Genet Biol 2003;39:103-17.
- Jarvis BB, Miller JD. Mycotoxins as harmful indoor air contaminants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005;66:367-72.
- Piecková E, Hurbánková M, Černá S, Lišková A, Kováčiková Z, Kolláriková Z, Wimmerová S. Inflammatory and haematotoxic potential of indoor Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) hughes metabolites. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2009;60:401-9.
- Saijo Y, Nakagi Y, Ito T, Sugioka Y, Endo H, Yoshida T. Relation of dampness to sick building syndrome in Japanese public apartment houses. Environ Health Prev Med 2009;14:26-35.
- Li D, Chin S. Yang. Fungal contamination as a major contributor to sick building syndrome. Adv Appl Microbiol 2004;55:31-112.
- Schwab CJ, Straus DC. The roles of Penicillium and Aspergillus in sick building syndrome. Adv Appl Microbiol 2004;55:215-38.
- Hiipakka DW, Buffington JR. Resolution of sick building syndrome in a high-security facility. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2000:15:635-43.
- Douwes J. (1→ 3)-β-D-glucans and respiratory health: a review of the scientific evidence. Indoor Air 2005;15:160-9.
- Chen J, Seviour R. Medicinal importance of fungal β-(1→ 3), (1→ 6)-glucans. Mycol Res 2007;111:635-52.