Carbon in Particulate Matter in the air

Godec, Ranka

doi:10.2478/10004-1254-59-2008-1887

Abstract

Ugljik (lat. carbo) u elementarnom stanju pojavljuje se kao dijamant, grafit, fuleren i crni amorfni ugljik. Crni amorfni ugljik nalazi se i u lebdećim česticama u atmosferi, a glavni oblici su: elementarni (EC), organski (OC) i karbonatni (CC) ugljik. Atmosferske čestice ugljika emitiraju se iz više od 70 različitih vrsta izvora onečišćenja zraka. EC je primarni onečišćivač koji nastaje nepotpunim izgaranjem fosilnih i biljnih goriva, a pojavljuje se još i kao čestice čađe te ga nalazimo i u sedimentima, tlima i ledu. Mnoga kvantitativna određivanja EC temelje se na njegovoj kemijskoj inertnosti, termičkoj stabilnosti i optičkim svojstvima. Organski spojevi kao što su policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAU), poliklorirani bifenili (PCB), poliklorirani dibenzo-p-dioksini i furani, polibromirani difenileteri te druga organska onečišćenja nastaju procesima izgaranja i stvaranja sekundarnih organskih aerosola, a ubrajaju se u organski ugljik (OC).

Svrha je članka opisati različite oblike ugljika u lebdećim česticama u zraku, njihov negativni učinak na zdravlje ljudi, klimu i atmosferu te opisati metode za njihovo određivanje.

References

Filipović I, Lipanović S. Opća i anorganska kemija. 9. izd. Zagreb: Školska knjiga; 1995.
Search in Google Scholar
Wiberg E. Anorganska kemija. Zagreb: Školska knjiga; 1967.
Search in Google Scholar
Chen L-WA, Chow JC, Watson JG, Moosmüller H, Arnott WP. Modeling reflectance and transmittance of quartz-fiber filter samples containing elemental carbon particles: Implications for thermal/optical analysis. Aerosol Sci 2004;35:765-80.10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.12.005
Search in Google Scholar
Castro LM, Pio CA, Harrison RM, Smith DJT. Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres: estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations. Atmos Environ 1999;33:2771-81.10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00331-8
Search in Google Scholar
Han Y, Cao J, Chow JC, Watson JG, An Z, Jin Z, Fung K, Liu S. Evaluation of the thermal/optical reflectance method for discrimination between char- and soot- EC. Chemosphere 2007;69:569-74.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.024
Search in Google Scholar
Lin JJ, Tai H-S. Concentrations and distributions of carbonaceous species in ambient particles in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Atmos Environ 2001;35:2627-36.10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00444-1
Search in Google Scholar
Na K, Sawant AA, Song C, Cocker III DR. Primary and secondary carbonaceous species in the atmosphere of Western Riverside Country, California. Atmos Environ 2004;38:1345-55.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.023
Search in Google Scholar
Chow JC, Engelbrecht JP, Freeman NCG, Hashim JH, Jantunen M, Michaud J-P, de Tejada SS, Watson JG, Wei F, Wilson WE, Yasuno M, Zhu T. Chapter one: exposure measurements. Chemosphere 2002;49:873-901.10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00233-3
Search in Google Scholar
Bae M-S, Hong C-S, Kim YJ, Han J-S, Moon K-J, Kondo Y, Komazaki Y, Miyazaki Y. Intercomparison of two different thermal-optical elemental carbons and optical black carbon during ABC-EAREX2005. Atmos Environ 2007;41:2791-803.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.040
Search in Google Scholar
OC/EC Workshop, March 4-5, 2003 Durango, Colorado [pristup 26. srpnja 2007.]. Dostupno na http://www.wrapair.org/APACE/OCEC/mainabstracts.htm
Search in Google Scholar
Wilson WE, Chow JC, Claiborn C, Fusheng W, Engelbrecht J, Watson JG. Monitoring of particulate matter outdoors. Chemosphere 2002;49:1009-43.10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00270-9
Search in Google Scholar
Husain L, Dutkiewicz VA, Khan AJ, Ghauri BM. Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols in urban air. Atmos Environ 2007;41:6872-83.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.037
Search in Google Scholar
Weingartner E, Saathoff H, Schnaiter, M, Streit N, Bitnar B, Baltensperger U. Absorption of light by soot particles: determination of the absorption coefficient by means of aethalometers. Aerosol Sci 2003;34:1445-63.10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00359-8
Search in Google Scholar
Petzold A, Schönlinner M. Multi-angle absorption photometry - a new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon. Aerosol Sci 2004;35:421-41.10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.09.005
Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen TH, Brown RA, Ball WP. An evaluation of thermal resistance as a measure of black carbon content in diesel soot, wood char, and sediment. Org Geochem 2004;35:217-34.10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.09.005
Search in Google Scholar
Han Y, Cao J, An Z, Chow JC, Watson JG, Jin Z, Fung K, Liu S. Evaluation of the thermal/optical reflectance method for quantification of elemental carbon in sediments. Chemosphere 2007;69:526-33.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.035
Search in Google Scholar
Watson JG, Zhu T, Chow JC, Engelbrecht J, Fujita EM, Wilson WE. Receptor modeling application framework for particle source apportionment. Chemosphere 2002;49:1093-136.10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00243-6
Search in Google Scholar
Bae M-S, Demerjian KL, Schwab JJ. Seasonal estimation of organic carbon in PM_2,5 at rural and urban locations in New York state. Atmos Environ 2006;40:7467-79.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.008
Search in Google Scholar
Turpin BJ, Saxena P, Andrews E. Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: problems and prospects. Atmos Environ 2000;34:2983-3013.10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00501-4
Search in Google Scholar
Park SS, Bae M-S, Schauer JJ, Kim YJ, Cho SY, Kim SJ. Molecular composition of PM_2,5 organic aerosol measured at an urban site of Korea during the ACE-Asia campaign. Atmos Environ 2006;40:4182-98.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.012
Search in Google Scholar
Watson JG, Chow JC, Fujita EM. Review of volatile organic compound source apportionment by chemical mass balance. Atmos Environ 2001;35:1567-84.10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00461-1
Search in Google Scholar
Funasaka K, Miyazaki T, Tsuruho K, Tamura K, Minuzo T, Kuroda K. Relationship between indoor and outdoor carbonaceous particulates in roadside households. Environ Pollut 2000;110:127-34.10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00281-X
Search in Google Scholar
Cao JJ, Lee SC, Ho KF, Zhang XY, Zou SC, Fung K, Chow JC, Watson JG. Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta Region, China during 2001 winter period. Atmos Environ 2003;37:1451-60.10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01002-6
Search in Google Scholar
Putaud J-P, Raes F, Van Dingenen R, Brüggemann E, Facchini M-C, Decesari S, Fuzzi S, Gehrig R, Hüglin C, Laj P, Lorbeer G, Maenhaut W, Mihalopoulos N, Müller K, Querol X, Rodriguez S, Schneider J, Spindler G, ten Brick H, Tørseth K, Wiedensohler A. A European phenomenology-2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe. Atmos Environ 2004;38:2579-95.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.041
Search in Google Scholar
Na K, Cocker III DR. Organic and elemental carbon concentrations in fine particulate matter in residences, schoolrooms, and outdoor air in Mira Loma, California. Atmos Environ 2005;39:3325-33.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.01.054
Search in Google Scholar
Louie PKK, Chow JC, Chen L-WA, Watson JG, Leung G, Sin DWM. PM_2,5 chemical composition in Hong Kong: urban and regional variations. Sci Total Environ 2005;338:267-81.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.07.021
Search in Google Scholar
Kim YP, Moon K-C, Lee JH, Baik NJ. Concentrations of carbonaceous species in particles at Seoul and Cheju in Korea. Atmos Environ 1999;33:2751-8.10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00313-6
Search in Google Scholar
Dan M, Zhuang G, Li X, Tao H, Zhuang Y. The characteristics of carbonaceous species and their sources in PM_2,5 in Beijing. Atmos Environ 2004;38:3443-52.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.052
Search in Google Scholar
Bae M-S, Schauer JJ, DeMinter JT, Turner JR, Smith D, Cary RA. Validation of semi-continuous instrument for elemental carbon and organic carbon using a thermaloptical method. Atmos Environ 2004;38:2885-93.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.027
Search in Google Scholar
Schaap M, Denier van der Gon HAC. On the variability of Black Smoke and carbonaceous aerosols in the Netherlands. Atmos Environ 2007;41:5908-20.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.042
Search in Google Scholar
Pimenta JA, Wood GR. Determination of free and total carbon in suspended air particulate matter collected on glass fiber filters. Environ Sci Technol 1980;14:556-61.10.1021/es60165a003
Search in Google Scholar
Mniszek W, Kolarczyk J, Hanusik A. Methods for determination of elemental carbon in ambient air. Environ Monit Assess 1990;14:1-7.10.1007/BF0039435324243253
Search in Google Scholar
Kukreja VP, Bove JL. Determination of free carbon collected on high-volume glass fiber filter. Environ Sci Technol 1976;10:187-9.10.1021/es60113a006
Search in Google Scholar
Hitzenberger R, Jennings SG, Larson SM, Dillner A, Cachier H, Galambos Z, Rouc A, Spain TG. Intercomparison of measurement methods for black carbon aerosols. Atmos Environ 1999;33:2823-33.10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00360-4
Search in Google Scholar
Sandradewi J, Prévôt ASH, Weingartner E, Schmidhauser R, Gysel M, Baltensperger U. A study of wood burning and traffic aerosols in an Alpine valley using a multi-wavelength Aethalometer. Atmos Environ 2008;42:101-12.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.034
Search in Google Scholar
Ballach J, Hitzenberger R, Schultz E, Jaeschke W. Development of an improved optical transmission technique for black carbon (BC) analysis. Atmos Environ 2001;35:2089-3000.10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00499-4
Search in Google Scholar
Park SS, Kim YJ, Fung K. Characteristics of PM_2,5 carbonaceous aerosol in the Sihwa industrial area, South Korea. Atmos Environ 2001;35:657-65.10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00357-5
Search in Google Scholar
Park SS, Bae MS, Schauer JJ, Ryu SY, Kim YK, Cho SY, Kim SJ. Evaluation of the TMO and TOT methods for OC and EC measurements and their characteristics in PM_2,5 at an urban site of Korea during ACE-Asia. Atmos Environ 2005;39:5101-12.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.016
Search in Google Scholar
Chow JC, Watson JG, Kuhns H, Etyemezian V, Lowenthal DH, Crow D, Kohl SD, Engelbrecht JP, Green MC. Source profiles for industrial, mobile, and area sources in the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observational study. Chemosphere 2004;54:185-208.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.07.004
Search in Google Scholar
Chow JC, Watson JG, Lowenthal DH, Richards LW. Comparability between PM_2,5 and particle light scattering measurements. Environ Monit Assess 2002;79:29-45.10.1023/A:1020047307117
Search in Google Scholar
Jaffrezo J-L, Aymoz G, Cozic J. Size distribution of EC and OC in the aerosol of Alpine valleys during summer and winter. Atmos Chem Phys 2005;5:2915-25.10.5194/acp-5-2915-2005
Search in Google Scholar
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM). Elemental carbon (diesel particulate): method 5040 [pristup 08. kolovoza 2007.]. Dostupno na http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/nmam/pdfs/5040f3.pdf
Search in Google Scholar
Sunset Laboratory [pristup 08. kolovoza 2007.]. Dostupno na http://www.sunlab.com
Search in Google Scholar
Lee HS, Kang B-W. Chemical characteristics of principal PM_2,5 species in Chongju, South Korea. Atmos Environ 2001;35:739-46.10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00267-3
Search in Google Scholar
He K, Yang F, Ma Y, Zhang Q, Yao X, Chan CK, Cadle S, Chan T, Mulawa P. The characteristics of PM_2,5 in Beijing, China. Atmos Environ 2001;35:4959-70.10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00301-6
Search in Google Scholar
Chow JC, Watson JG, Louie PKK, Chen L-WA, Sin D. Comparison of PM_2,5 carbon measurement methods in Hong Kong, China. Environ Pollut 2005;137:334-44.10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.006
Search in Google Scholar
Hitzenberger R, Berner A, Giebl H, Drobesch K, Kasper-Giebl A, Loeflund M, Urban H, Puxbaum H. Black carbon (BC) in alpine aerosols and cloud water - concentrations and scavenging efficiencies. Atmos Environ 2001;35:5135-41.10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00312-0
Search in Google Scholar
Ramanathan V. Role of Black Carbon in Global and Regional Climate Changes [pristup 08. kolovoza 2007.]. Dostupno na http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/testimonials/BlackCarbonHearing-testimony.pdf
Search in Google Scholar
Brink H, Maenhaut W, Hitzenberger R, Gnauk T, Spindler G, Even A, Chi X, Bauer H, Puxbaum H, Putaud JP, Tursic J, Berner A. INTERCOMP2000: the comparability of methods in use in Europe for measuring the carbon content of aerosol. Atmos Environ 2004;38:6507-19.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.027
Search in Google Scholar
Schmid H, Laskus L, Abraham HJ, Baltensperger U, Lavanchy V, Bizjak M, Burba P, Cachier H, Crow D, Chow J, Gnauk T, Even A, ten Brink HM, Giesen KP, Hitzenberger R, Hueglin C, Maenhaut W, Pio C, Carvalho A, Putaud JP, Toom-Sauntry D, Puxbaum H. Results of the "carbon conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I. Atmos Environ 2001;35:2111-21.10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00493-3
Search in Google Scholar
Lonati G, Ozgen S, Giugliano M. Primary and secondary carbonaceous species in PM_2,5 samples in Milan (Italy). Atmos Environ 2007;41:4599-10.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.046
Search in Google Scholar
Puxbaum H, Gomiscek B, Kalina M, Bauer H, Salam A, Stopper S, Preining O, Hauck H. A dual site study of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ aerosol chemistry in the larger region of Vienna, Austria. Atmos Environ 2004;38:3949-58.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.043
Search in Google Scholar
Ohta S, Hori M, Yamagata S, Murao N. Chemical characterization of atmospheric fine particles in Sapporo with determination of water content. Atmos Environ 1998;32:1021-25.10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00347-6
Search in Google Scholar
Chow JC, Watson JG. Zones of representation for PM₁₀ measurements along the US/Mexico border. Sci Total Environ 2001;276:49-68.10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00771-9
Search in Google Scholar
Landis MS, Norris GA, Williams RW, Weinstein JP. Personal exposures to PM_2.5 mass and trace elements in Baltimore, MD, USA. Atmos Environ 2001;35:6511-24.10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00407-1
Search in Google Scholar
Vađić V. Air quality in Croatia monitoring and categorization at regional scale. U: Šega K, urednik. Proceedings of The 14^th International Conference "Air quality-assessment and policy at local, regional and global scales"; 6.-10. listopada 2003. Dubrovnik. Zagreb: Croatian Air Pollution Prevention Association; 2003. str. 783-92.
Search in Google Scholar

Carbon in Particulate Matter in the air

Abstract

Paradigm

My account