FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 2.
FIGURE 3.
FIGURE 4.
FIGURE 5.
The physical and chemical properties of cement and fly ash used in this study
| Specification | Cement | Fly ash |
|---|---|---|
| Silica (SiO2) content [%] | 20.90 | 48.15 |
| Alumina (Al2O3) content [%] | 6.20 | 18.87 |
| Iron oxide (Fe2O3) content [%] | 3.10 | 4.59 |
| SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 content [%] | – | – |
| Sulfate (SO3) content [%] | 1.75 | 1.53 |
| Lime (CaO) content [%] | 62.30 | 14.52 |
| Magnesia (MgO) content [%] | 2.70 | 2.48 |
| Loss on ignition (LOI) [%] | 3.3 | 6.0 |
| Specific gravity [-] | 3.15 | 2.32 |
Mix proportions
| Mix IDa | Fly ash [kg] | Portland cement [kg] | Fine aggregates [kg] | Water [kg] | Sodium silicateb [kg] | Aluminum [g] | Recycled concrete powder [kg] | Super-plasticizer [%] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P100 (S100) ref1 | – | 4.6 | 9.2 | 2 | – | – | – | 1 |
| P100 (S75W25)ref2 | – | 4.6 | 6.9 | 2 | – | – | 2.3 | 1 |
| P100 (S50W50)ref3 | – | 4.6 | 4.6 | 2 | – | – | 4.6 | 1 |
| F100 (S100) | 4.6 | – | 9.2 | 2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | – | – |
| F100 (S75W25) | 4.6 | – | 6.9 | 2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 2.3 | – |
| F100 (S50W50) | 4.6 | – | 4.6 | 2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 4.6 | – |
| F75 W25(S100) | 3.45 | – | 9.2 | 2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 1.15 | – |
| F75 W25(S75W25) | 3.45 | – | 6.9 | 2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.45 | – |
| F75W25(S50W50) | 3.45 | – | 4.6 | 2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 5.75 | – |