FIGURE 1.
Sample characteristics of the children
| Risk | Community | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender n (%) | ||
| Male | 19 (61.3) | 10 (55.6) |
| Female | 12 (38.7) | 8 (44.4) |
| Age (years) | ||
| Min-max | 4.5-8.9 | 4.5-8.7 |
| M (SD) | 6.6 (1.3) | 6.7 (1.2) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Caucasian | 24 (77.4) | 18 (100.0) |
| Arabic | 3 (9.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Asian | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Mixed | 3 (9.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Diagnosis beforehand n (%) | ||
| No | 24 (77.4) | 15 (100.0) |
| Yes | 5 (16.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Siblings | ||
| Min-max | 0-6 | 0-2 |
| M (SD) | 2.0 (1.9) | 1.2 (.6) |
| Age mother (years) | ||
| Min-max | 21-45 | 31-46 |
| M (SD) | 32.9 (6.4) | 38.2 (4.9) |
| Age father (years) | ||
| Min-max | 27-54 | 34-48 |
| M (SD) | 38.4 (6.3) | 39.6 (4.3) |
| Danish Citizenship n (%) | ||
| Mother | 30 (96.8) | 15 (100.00) |
| Father | 30 (96.8) | 15 (100.00) |
| Mother job status n (%) | ||
| Full-time employed | 17 (54.8) | 11 (73.3) |
| Stay-at-home mother | 4 (12.9) | 2 (13.3) |
| Studying / job seeking | 6 (19.4) | 2 (13.3) |
| On sick-leave | 4 (12.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Father job status n (%) | ||
| Full-time employed | 16 (51.6) | 15 (100.0) |
| Stay-at-home mother | 3 (9.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Studying / job seeking | 2 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| On sick-leave | 7 (22.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| In prison | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Dead | 2 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| Mother has a diagnosis n (%) | 11 (35.5) | 1 (6.7) |
| Father has a diagnosis | 13 (41.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Parents relationship status | ||
| Married/partners | 8 (25.8) | 14 (93.3) |
| Separated/divorced | 18 (58.1) | 1 (6.7) |
| Never in a relationship | 4 (12.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Placed in foster care n (%) | 5 (16.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Spearman’s rho correlations between OCTS scales and DIPA and SDQ scales (N = 46)
| OCTS total | Bike | Nightmare | Burned hand | Stomach ache | Animal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIPA PTSD total | .42** | .27 | .32** | .33** | .27 | .36** |
| Re-experience | .42** | .26 | .29** | .36** | .28 | .40** |
| Avoidance | .28 | .13 | .26 | .16 | .17 | .20 |
| Hyperarousal | .39** | .26 | .29** | .28 | .28 | .32** |
| DIPA MDD | .34** | .26 | .27 | .25 | .22 | .29 |
| DIPA RAD total | .31** | .19 | .36** | .22 | .21 | .28 |
| Inhibited | .24 | .14 | .27 | .12 | .17 | .32** |
| Dishibited | .19 | .07 | .27 | .23 | .20 | .11 |
| SDQ total | .41** | .31** | .26 | .33** | .29 | .41** |
| SDQ conduct problems | .33** | .15 | .31** | .32** | .27 | .28 |
| SDQ emotional problems | .21 | .05 | .13 | .11 | .13 | .34** |
| SDQ hyperactivity | .39** | .43** | .16 | .33** | .29** | .27 |
| SDQ Peer problems | .30** | .26 | .19 | .29 | .07 | .33** |
| SDQ prosocial behavior | .09 | -.05 | .06 | -.05 | .23 | .07 |
Reliability of the OCTS (N = 49)
| Internal consistency Cronbach’s α [95% CI] | Items | Interrater reliability ICC [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | .95 [.93, .97] | 135 | .98 [.96, .99] |
| Bike | .85 [.79, .91] | 27 | .96 [.94, .98] |
| Nightmare | .80 [.70, .87] | 27 | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] |
| Burned hand | .79 [.69, .86] | 27 | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] |
| Stomach ache | .84 [.77, .90] | 27 | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] |
| Animal | .79 [.70, .87] | 27 | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] |
Scores on the OCTS, DIPA, and the SDQ
| Scale | Risk, N = 31 | Community N = 18 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mdn | M | (SD) | Range | Mdn | M | SD | Range | |
| OCTS total | 4.3 | 5.03 | (2.7) | 1.80-11.60 | 1.9 | 2.40 | (1.9) | .20-4.60 |
| Bike | 3 | 4.03 | (3.6) | 0-14 | 1 | 1.83 | (1.6) | 0-5 |
| Nightmare | 5 | 5.47 | (3.3) | 0-13 | 2 | 2.56 | (2.5) | 0-9 |
| Burned hand | 5 | 5.30 | (3.0) | 0-13 | 2 | 2.44 | (1.8) | 0-6 |
| Stomach ache | 5 | 5.31 | (3.6) | 0-13 | 2 | 2.56 | (2.1) | 0-7 |
| Animal | 5 | 4.93 | (3.1) | 1-12 | 2 | 2.61 | (2.1) | 0-8 |
| DIPA | N = 15 | |||||||
| PTSD | 7 | 7.16 | (5.0) | 0-18 | 0 | 0.00 | (0.0) | 0 |
| Re-experience | 3 | 3.42 | (2.6) | 0-8 | 0 | 0.00 | (0.0) | 0 |
| Avoidance | 1 | 1.48 | (1.7) | 0-6 | 0 | 0.00 | (0.0) | 0 |
| Hyperarousal | 2 | 2.26 | (1.9) | 0-6 | 0 | 0.00 | (0.0) | 0 |
| MDD | 1 | 3.68 | (4.5) | 0-15 | 0 | 0.00 | (0.0) | 0 |
| RAD | 1 | 1.29 | (1.1) | 0-4 | 0 | .13 | (.5) | 0-2 |
| SDQ | N = 15 | |||||||
| Total difficulties | 15 | 16.06 | (6.9) | 5-33 | 4 | 5.13 | (3.2) | 1-12 |
| Conduct problems | 3 | 3.10 | (1.7) | 0-7 | 0 | .53 | (.7) | 0-2 |
| Emotional problems | 6 | 5.45 | (2.8) | 0-10 | 0 | 2.07 | (1.9) | 0-6 |
| Hyperactivity | 5 | 5.00 | (2.8) | 1-9 | 2 | 2.20 | (2.0) | 0-8 |
| Peer problems | 2 | 2.52 | (2.6) | 0-9 | 0 | .33 | (.8) | 0-3 |
| Prosocial behavior | 9 | 8.23 | (1.8) | 5-10 | 9 | 8.07 | (2.5) | 2-10 |
Trauma exposure
| Trauma type | Risk | Community |
|---|---|---|
| Physical abuse | 18 (58.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Witnessed violence | 16 (51.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Hospitalization or invasive medical procedures | 14 (45.2) | 8 (53.3) |
| Sexual abuse | 10 (32.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Accidental burning | 4 (12.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Man-made disasters (fires, wars, etc.) | 2 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| Attacked by animal | 1 (3.2) | 1 (6.7) |
| Near drowning | 1 (3.2) | 1 (6.7) |
| Natural disasters (hurricane, tornado, flood, etc.) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Traffic accident | 0 (0.0) | 2 (13.3) |
| Kidnapped | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.00) |
| Other | 19 (61.3) | 4 (26.7) |