Kato TA, Tateno M, Shinfuku N. Does ‘hikikomori’ syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatri Epidemiol 2012;47:1061-75.
Sarchione F, Santacroce R, Acciavatti T, Cinosi E, Lupi M, Di Giannantonio M. Hikikomori, clinical and psychopathological issues. Res Adv Psychiatry 2015;2:21-7.
Aguglia E, Signorelli MS, Pollicino C, Arcidiacono E, Petralia A (2010). Il fenomeno dell’hikikomori: cultural bound o quadro psicopatologico emergente? [The phenomenon of hikikomori: a “culture-bound syndrome” or an emerging psychological framework?]. Giornale Italiano di Psicopatologia 2010:16;157-64.
Mastropaolo L. Nuove patologie adolescenziali o nuove emergenze sociali? L’hikikomori è solo giapponese? [A new adolescent pathology or a new social emergency? Is hikimori just Japanese?]. Terapia familiare 2011:97;31-57.
Li TM, Wong PW. Editorial perspective: pathological social withdrawal during adolescence: a culture specific or a global phenomenon? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015;56:1039-41.
Ministry of Health, Labour & Welfare of Japan. Community Mental Health Intervention Guidelines aimed at socially withdrawn teenagers and young adults. Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labour & Welfare; 2003.
Ministry of Health, Labour & Welfare of Japan. Guideline for the assessment and support of Hikikomori; 2010 Available at: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/wp/wp-hw4/dl/honbun/2_2_8.pdf
Suwa M, Suzuki K. The phenomenon of “hikikomori” (social withdrawal) and the socio-cultural situation in Japan today. J Psychopathology 2013;19:191-98.
Hamasaki Y, Tajan N, Pionnié-Dax N. Rapport de recherches sur le hikikomori. Synthèse des résultats publiés en septembre 2016 par le bureau du cabinet du Japon. [Research report on hikikomori. Summary of the results published September 2016 by the Office of the Japanese Cabinet]. L’Information psychiatrique 2017;93:289-96.
Ogino T. Managing Categorization and Social Withdrawal in Japan: Rehabilitation Process in a Private Support Group for Hikikomorians. Int J Japanese Sociology 2004;13:120-33.
Krysinska D. Hikikomori (social withdrawal) in Japan: Discourses of media and scholars; Multicausal explanations of the phenomenon (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh); 2007. Available at: http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/9520/1/Krysinska_Dorota_October_2006.pdf
Kaneko S. Japan’s ‘socially withdrawn youths’ and time constraints in Japanese society management and conceptualization of time in a support group for ‘hikikomori’. Time & Society 2006;15:233-49.
Kondo N, Sakai M, Kuroda Y, Kiyota Y, Kitabata Y, Kurosawa M. General condition of hikikomori (prolonged social withdrawal) in Japan: Psychiatric diagnosis and outcome in mental health welfare centres. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2013;59:79-86.
Kato TA, Hashimoto R, Hayakawa K, Kubo H, Watabe M, Teo AR, et al. Multidimensional anatomy of ‘modern type depression’ in Japan: A proposal for a different diagnostic approach to depression beyond the DSM5. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016;70:7-23.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1993.
Suwa M, Suzuki K, Hara K, Watanabe H, Takahashi T. Family features in primary social withdrawal among young adults. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003;57:586-94.
Kawakami N, Takeshima T, Ono Y, Uda H, Hata Y, Nakane Y, et al. Twelve-month prevalence, severity, and treatment of common mental disorders in communities in Japan: preliminary finding from the World Mental Health Japan Survey 2002–2003. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005;59:441–52.
Koyama A, Miyake Y, Kawakami N, Tsuchiya M, Tachimori H, Takeshima T, et al. Lifetime prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and demographic correlates of “hikikomori” in a community population in Japan. Psychiatry Res 2010;176:69-74.
Teo AR, Stufflebam KW, Kato TA. The intersection of culture and solitude: The hikikomori phenomena in Japan. In: Coplan RJ. Bowker JC (eds). The handbook of solitude: psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone. London: Wiley; 2014:445-60.
Li TM, Wong PW. Youth social withdrawal behavior (hikikomori): a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2015;49:595-609.
Loscalzo Y, Nannicini C, Giannini M. Hikikomori: sindrome culturale internalizzante o ritiro volontario? [Hikikomori: internalizing cultural syndrome of voluntary withdrawal?]. Counseling 2016;9:49-64.
Ranieri, F. Adolescenti tra abbandono scolastico e ritiro sociale: il fenomeno degli “hikikomori”. [Adolescents between school drop-out and social withdrawal: the hikikomori phenomenon]. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo 2016;2:319-26.
Hattori Y. Social withdrawal/DDNOS through faulty attachment between parents and child in seemingly well-functioning Japanese families [Keynote panel]. In: International Conference on Trauma, Attachment, and Dissociation: Transforming Trauma, The Delphi Centre, Melbourne, Australia, 2003, 14 September.
Booth-LaForce C, Oxford ML. Trajectories of social withdrawal from grades 1 to 6: prediction from early parenting, attachment, and temperament. Dev Psychol 2008;44:1298.
Ranieri F. When social withdrawal in adolescence becomes extreme: the “hikikomori” phenomenon in Italy. Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 2015;15:148-51.
Tateno M, Park TW, Kato TA, Umene-Nakato W, Saitō T. Hikikomori as a possible clinical term in psychiatry: a questionnaire survey. BMCentral Psychiatry 2012;12:1-7.
Ciufferi MG, Mancini F. Esperienze terapeutiche con adolescenti che si isolano [Therapeutic experiences with adolescents who isolate themselves]. In: Sagliocco, G. (d.). Hikikomori e adolescenza – Fenomenologia dell’autoreclusione.[Hikikomori and adolescence -phenomenology of self-abuse]. Milano – Udine: Mimesis Edizioni; 2011.
Cooperativa Minotauro. La bruttezza immaginaria - Intervento clinico con ragazzi ritirati. Atti Dell’evento culturale tenutosi a Milano il 9 e 10 maggio 2014. [Imaginary ugliness – clinical interventions with withdrawal teenagers]. Available at: http://www.telecomitalia.com/content/dam/telecomitalia/generalistic-images/documenti/ricerca.pdf
Ranieri F, Andreoli M, Bellagamba E, Franchi E, Mancini F, Pitti L, et al. Early adolescence in social withdrawal: two hikikomori cases in treatment [Poster]. In: Proceedings of the 23rd European Congress of Psychiatry, 2015, 28-31 March, Vienna, Austria. Elsevier; 2015.
Teo AR, Fetters MD, Stufflebam K, Tateno M, Balhara Y, Choi TY, et al. Identification of the hikikomori syndrome of social withdrawal: psychosocial features and treatment preferences in four countries. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2015;61:64-72.
Ranieri F, Andreoli M, Bellagamba E, Franchi E, Mancini F, Pitti L, et al. Adolescenti tra abbandono scolastico e ritiro sociale: il fenomeno degli “hikikomori” ad Arezzo. [Adolescents between school drop-out and social withdrawal: the hikikomori phenomenon in Arezzo]. Il Cesalpino 2015;14:13-17.
Ranieri F, Andreoli, M, Bellagamba E, Franchi E, Mancini F, Pitti L, et al. Early adolescents in social withdrawal: elements for the assessment of hikikomori syndrome [Poster]. In: Proceedings of the 23rd European Congress of Psychiatry, 2015, 28-31 March, Vienna, Austria. Elsevier; 2015.
Norasakkunkit V, Uchida Y. To conform or to maintain self-consistency? Hikikomori risk in Japan and the deviation from seeking harmony. J Soc Clin Psychol 2014;33:918-35.