Fig. 1.
A. Time course of the laccase production in four fungal strains. B. Biomass production, represented by the mycelium dry weight, of fungal strains. The 70 ml culture media contained 20 g/l glucose, 5 g/l peptone, and 5% fungal inoculant. Effects of carbon sources (C)/nitrogen sources (D) on the laccase production of four fungal strains. The agitation rate and the incubation temperature were 120 rpm and 28°C respectively.
Fig. 2.
A. RG19 (20 mg/l) decolorization by dye-reducing fungal consortia. B. COD removal by the fungal consortium or the single strain. The mixture of reactive dyes consists of RG19, reactive brilliant blue K-3R and X-BR (each in 6.67 mg/l). Error bars are standard deviations (n = 3).
Fig. 3.
A. GO annotation of biological process, cellular component and molecular function.
Fig. 3.
B. Distribution of Unigene expression levels.
Fig. 3.
C. No. of DEGs in three comparisons. In a pairwise comparison, the former one is the control and the latter the treatment.
D. Common and unique DEGs of three comparisons.
Fig. 4.
Hierarchical cluster analysis of DEG union set of ordi vs. green, ordi vs. guai, and guai vs. green. The redder the color, the greater the upregulation of the gene expression; the bluer the color, the greater the downregulation of the gene expression.
Fig. 5.
Proposed degradation pathway of RG19 in M. verrucaria.
Table I
Enzyme activities of M. verrucaria strain DJTU-sh7 in decolorizing RG19.
| Enzyme (U/ml) | RG19 addition | No RG19 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intracellular | Extracellular | Intracellular | Extracellular | |
| Laccase | ND | 26.241 ± 0.760* | ND | 17.108 ± 0.895 |
| Lignin peroxidase | 0.164 ± 0.006^ | 0.120 ± 0.006^ | 0.152 ± 0.017 | 0.097 ± 0.002 |
| Mn peroxidase | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Tyrosinase | 45.000 ± 3.000^ | 38.667 ± 8.386^ | 42.333 ± 6.429 | 33.667 ± 2.309 |
| Aryl alcohol oxidase | 14.093 ± 0.056* | 5.900 ± 0.001* | 5.244 ± 0.056 | 3.572 ± 0.056 |
| Ferric reductase | 7.845 ± 0.137** | 11.788 ± 0.182* | 6.849 ± 0.068 | 9.000 ± 0.182 |
| Azo reductase | 22.853 ± 0.544^ | 12.696 ± 0.670^ | 23.242 ± 0.155 | 12.204 ± 0.432 |
| NADH-DCIP reductase | 3.644 ± 1.547^ | 8.926 ± 0.696^ | 2.603 ± 1.610 | 7.550 ± 2.260 |