References
- Landsteiner K.Zur kenntniss der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinirenden wirkungen des blut- serums und der lymphe.Zbl Bakt 1900;27:357.
- Landsteiner K. Ueber agglutinationserscheinungen normalen menschlichen blutes. Klin Wscher 1901;14:1132.
- Decastello A, Sturli A. Ueber die isoagglutinine im serum gesunder and kranker menschen. Munchen Med Wscher 1902;49:109.
- DeGowin EL, Hardin RC, Alsever JB. In: Blood trans- fusion.Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1949:1.
- Landois L. Die transfusion des blutes. Leipzig, Germany: SCW Vogel, 1875.
- Wiener AS. Blood groups and transfusion. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL:C.C.Thomas, 1943:4.
- Blundell J.A successful case of transfusion. Lancet 1829;1:431.
- Rawstron RE. Preoperative hemoglobin levels. Anaes Intens Care 1976;4:175–3, 185.
- Sherw o o d W. Triggers for the transfusion of red cells. In: Reid M, Nance SJ, eds. Red cell transfusion: a practical guide.Totowa, NJ:Humana, 1998;161–75.
- Ottenberg R.Transfusion and the question of intravascular agglutination.J Exper Med 1911; 13:425.
- Hustin A. Principe d’un nouvelle methode de transfusion muquese. J med de Brux 1914;72:104.
- Weil R. Sodium citrate in the transfusion of blood. JAMA 1915;64:425.
- Barker LF. Introduction. XVI annual American Red Cross scientific symposium: infection, immunity, blood transfusion. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1985: xix–xxv.
- DeGowin EL, Hardin RC, Al sever JB. In: Blood trans- fusion.Philadelphia:WB Saunders Co., 1949:234.15. Beeson PB. Jaundice occurring one to four months after transfusion of blood or plasma. JAMA 1943; 121:1332.
- Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S.A new antigen in leukemic sera. JAMA 965;191:541.
- Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Riddell NM, et al. Multiple antigenic specificities of serum lipoproteins detected with sera of transfused patients. Vox Sang 1964;9:128.
- Alter HJ, Holland PV, Purcell RH, et al.Post-transfusion hepatitis after exclusion of commercial and hepati- tis-B antigen positive donors. Ann Intern Med 1972;77:691–9.
- Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, et al. Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 1984;224:500.
- Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al.Isolation of a T lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983;220:868.
- Montagnier L, Gruest J, Chamaret S, et al.Adaptation of lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) to replication in EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid celllines. Science 1984;225:63–6.
- Popovic M, Sarngad MG, Read E, et al.Detection, iso- lation and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science 1984;224:497.
- Bruce-Chwatt LJ. Transfusion associated parasitic infections. XVI annual American Red Cross scientific symposium: infection, immunity, blood transfusion. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1985:101–25.
- Choo Q-L, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, et al.Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989;224:359–62
- Kuo G, Choo Q-L, Alter HJ, et al.An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis.Science 1989;244:362–4.
- Sherwood W. Personal observation.
- Turner TB, Diseker TH. Duration of infectivity of Treponema pallidum in citrated blood stored under conditions obtaining in blood banks. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1941;68:269.
- Van der Sluis JJ, Onvlee PC, Kothe FCHA, et al. Transfusion syphilis, survival of Treponema pall i d um in donor blood.I.Report of an orienting study. Vox Sang 1984;47:197–204.
- Goldfield M. Some epidemiologic studies of transfusion-associated hepatitis. Infusiontherapie 1974; 8:645–9.
- Goldfield M, Bill J, Colosimo F. The control of transfusion-associated hepatitis. Viral Hepatitis (monograph) 1979.
- Tabor E, Goldfield M, Bl ack HC, et al. Hepatitis B e antigen in volunteer and paid blood donors. Transfusion 1980;20:192–8.
- Henry JB. Blood policy and strategy: the American Blood Commission and the nation’s blood resource. Human Pathol 1980;11:1–3.
- Sherwood WC. Donor deferral registries.Transf Med Rev 1993;7:121–128.
- Sherwood WC.The significance of blood-borne viruses: blood banking and transfusion medicine. Virological safety aspects of plasma derivatives. Basel Karger 1993;81:25–33.
- Dodd RY. The risk of transfusion-transfusion infection (editorial). N Engl J Med 1992;327:419–21.
- Selik RM, Ward JW, Buehler JW. Trends in transfusion- associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the United States, 1982 through 1991. Transfusion 1993;33:890–3.
- Kroner BL, Rosenberg PS, Aledort LM, et al. HIV-1 infection incidence among persons with hemophilia in the United States and western Europe, 1978–1990. J Acquir Immun Def Syn 1994;7:279–86.
- Schreiber GB, Busch MP, Kleinman SH, et al.The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1685–90.
- Etad BL.Viral infectivity of albumin and plasma protein fraction.Pharmacotherapy 1996;16:996–1001.
- Zuck TF. Blood safety decisions, 1982 to 1986: perceptions and misconceptions. Transfusion 1996; 36:928–31.
- Roberts HR. The treatment of hemophilia: past tragedy and future promise. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1188–90.
- Shikata T, Karasawa T, Abe K, et al.Incomplete inactivation of hepatitis B virus after heat treatment at 60°C for 10 hours.J Infect Dis 1978;138, 242–4.
- Prince A M, H o rowitz B, Brotman B, et al. Inactivation of hepatitis B and Hutchinson strain non-A, non-B hepatitis viruses by exposure to tween 80 and ether.Vox Sang 1984;46:36–43.
- Horowitz B, Wiebe ME, Lippin A, et al. Inactivation of viruses in labile blood derivatives. I. Disruption of lipid- enveloped viruses by tri(n-butyl)phosphate detergent combinations.Transfusion 1985;25:516–22.
- Darr F. Taxonomy and classification of viruses. Plas+SD Update 1999;46:1–2.
- Lin L, Londe H, Hanson CV, et al.Photochemical inactivation of cell-associated human immunodeficiency virus in platelet concentrates.Blood 1993;82:292–7.
- Lin L, Cook DN, Wiesehahn GP, et al. Photochemical inactivation of viruses and bacteria in platelet concentrates by use of a novel psoralen and long-wavelength ultraviolet light.Transfusion 1997;37:423–35.
- Dybus S, Aminoff D. Action of alpha-galactosidase from Cl os t ridium sporog en e s and coffee beans on blood group B antigen of erythrocytes.The effect on the viability of erythrocytes in circulation. Transfusion 1983;23:244–7.
- Goldstein J. Conversion of ABO blood groups.Transf Med Rev 1989;3:206–12.
- Murad KL, Mahany KL. Structural and functional consequences of antigenic modulation of red blood cells with methoxypoly(ethylene glycol). Blood 1999; 93:2121–7.
- Jeong ST, Byun SM. Decreased agglutinability of methoxy-polyethylene glycol attached red blood cells: significance as a blood substitute. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 1996;24:503–11.
- Hortin GL, Lok HT, Huang ST. Progress toward preparation of universal donor red cells. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 1997;25:487–91.
- Kruskall MS, AuBuchon JP. Making Landsteiner’s discovery superfluous: safety and economic implications of a universal group O red cell supply.Transfus Sci 1997:18:613–20.
- Murad KL, Gosselin EJ, Eaton JW. Stealth cells: prevention of major histocompatibility complex class II- mediated T-cell activation by cell surface modification. Blood 1999;94:2135–41.
- Perkins HA, Payne R, Ferguson J. Nonhemolytic febrile transfusion reactions. Quantitative effects of blood components with emphasis on isoantigenic incompatibility of leukocytes. Vox Sang 1966; 11:578–600.
- Bowden RA, Slichter SJ, Sayers M, et al.A comparison of fil tered leukocyte-reduced and cytomegalovi rus (CMV) blood products for the prevention of transfusion-associated CMV infection after marrow transplant. Blood 1995;86:3589–603.
- Leukocyte reduction for the prevention of transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus (TT-CMV). Bethesda, MD:American Association of Blood Banks, 1997. Association bulletin 97–2.
- Yeager AS, Grumet FC, Hafleigh EB, et al.Prevention of transfusion acquired cytomegalovi rus infections in newborn infants. J Pediatr 1981;98:281–7.
- Brown KL, Stewart K, Ritchie DL, et al.Scrapie replication in lymphoid tissues depends on prion protein-expressing follicular dendritic cells. Nat Med 1999;5:1308–12.
- The trial to reduce alloimmunization to platelets (TRAP) study group. Leukocyte reduction and ultraviolet B radiation of platelets to prevent alloimmunization and refractoriness to platelet transfusions. New Engl J Med 1997;337:1861–9.
- Blumberg N, Heal JM. Blood transfusion immunomodulation: the silent epidemic. Arch Path Lab Med 1998;122:117–9.
- Murphy PJ, Connery C, Hicks GL, et al. Homologous blood transfusion as a risk factor for postoperative infection after coronary artery bypass graft opera- tions.JThorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:1092–9.
- Tartter PL, Mohandas K, Azar P, et al. Randomized trial comparing packed red blood cell transfusion with and without leukocyte depletion for gastrointestinal surgery. Am J Surg 1998;76:462–6.
- Jensen LS, Andersen AJ, Christiansen PM, et al. Postoperative infection and natural killer cell function following blood transfusion in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 1992;79:513–6.
- Tartter PI, Mohandas K, Azar P, et al.Randomized trial comparing packed red cell blood transfusion with and without leukocyte depletion for gastrointestinal surgery. Am J Surg 1998;176:462–6.
- Tartter PI.The association of perioperative blood transfusion with colorectal cancer recurren ce. Ann Surg 1992;216:633–8.
- Chang TMS.Modified hemoglobin based blood substitutes: crosslinked, recombinant, and encapsulated hemoglobin.Vox Sang 1998;74(Suppl 2):233–41.
- Rudolph AS, Rabinovici R, Feuerstein GZ. In: Red blood cell substitutes.New York:Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1997.
- Tsuchida E. In: Artificial red cells. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995.
- Chang TMS, Yu WP. Nanoencapsulation of hemoglobin and red blood cell enzymes based on nanotechnology and biodegradable polymer. In: Blood substitutes:principles, methods, products and clinical trials. Basel:Karger/Texas Landes 1998;Vol .2 : 216–31.
- Faithfull NS, Weers JG. Perfluorocarbon compounds. Vox Sang 1998;74(Suppl 2):243–8.
- Sloviter HA, Kamimoto T. Erythrocyte substitute for perfusion of brain.Nature 1967;216:458–60.
- Weers JG.A physicochemical evaluation of perfluorochemicals for oxygen transport applications. J Fluorine Chem 1993;64:73–93.
- Spence RK, McCoy S, Costabile J, et al. Fluosol DA-20 in the treatment of severe anemia: randomized controlled studies of 46 patients. Crit Care Med 1990;18:1227–30.
- Spence RK, Norcross ED, Costabile J, et al.Perfluorocarbons as blood substitutes: the early years. Experience with Fluosol DA-20% in the 1980s. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 1994;22:955–63.
- Monk T, Winston R, Wahr J, et al.Perflubron emulsion is more effective than blood for transfusion trigger reversal. Anesth Analg 1998;86:S142.
- Moreschi C. Neue Tatsachen uber die Blutkorper- chenagglutination.Zbl Bakt 1908;46:49.
- Coombs RRA, Mourant AE, Race RR.A new test for the detection of weak and ‘incomplete’rh agglutinins. Br J Exp Pathol 1945;26:255.
- Landsteiner K, Wiener AS.An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for Rhesus blood. Proc Soc Exper Biol & Med 1940;43:223.
- Standards for blood banks and transfusion services. Bethesda, MD:American Association of Blood Banks, 1997. 18th ed. Para. 15.300: Computer crossmatch: 36–7.
- Sazama K. Reports of 355 transfusion-associated deaths: 1976 through 1985. Transfusion 1990; 30:583–90.