Laboratory methods for Rh immunoprophylaxis: a review
By:
Paid access
|Mar 2020References
- Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services. 25th ed. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks, 2008:55–6.
- [No authors listed] ACOG practice bulletin. Prevention of Rh D alloimmunization. Number 4, May 1999 (replaces educational bulletin Number 147, October 1990). Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999;66:63–70.
- Ramsey G; College of American Pathologists Transfusion Medicine Resource Committee. Inaccurate doses of Rh immune globulin after Rh-incompatible fetomaternal hemorrhage: survey of laboratory practice. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009:133:465–9.
- Hartwell EA. Use of Rh immune globulin: ASCP practice parameter. American Society of Clinical Pathologists. Am J Clin Pathol 1998;110:281–92.
- Kennedy MS. Perinatal issues in transfusion practice. In: Roback JD, Combs MR, Grossman BJ, Hillyer CD, eds. Technical manual. 16th ed. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks, 2008:625–37.
- Judd WJ; Scientific Section Coordinating Committee of the AABB. Practice guidelines for prenatal and perinatal immunohematology, revisited. Transfusion 2001;41:1445–52.
- Transfusion Medicine Resource Committee. Surveys 2009. HBF-A. Fetal RBC detection. Participant summary. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists, 2009.
- Bayliss KM, Kueck BD, Johnson ST, et al. Detecting fetomaternal hemorrhage: a comparison of five methods. Transfusion 1991;31:303–7.
- Sebring ES, Polesky HF. Detection of fetal hemorrhage in Rh immune globulin candidates. A rosetting technique using enzyme-treated Rh2Rh2 indicator erythrocytes. Transfusion 1982;22:468–71.
- Nossaman JK. Laboratory evaluation of the immunized patient. In: Tregallas WM, Wallas CH, eds. Prenatal and perinatal immunohematology. Chicago, IL: American Association of Blood Banks, 1981:41.
- Polesky HF, Sebring ES. Evaluation of methods for detection and quantitation of fetal cells and their effect on RhIgG usage. Am J Clin Pathol 1981;76(4 Suppl):525–9.
- Riley JZ, Ness PM, Taddie SJ, Barrasso C, Baldwin ML. Detection and quantitation of fetal maternal hemorrhage utilizing an enzyme-linked antiglobulin test. Transfusion 1982;22:472–4.
- Sebring ES. Fetomaternal hemorrhage—incidence and methods of detection and quantitation. In: Garratty G, ed. Hemolytic disease of the newborn. Arlington, VA: American Association of Blood Banks, 1984:87–117.
- Nance SJ, Garratty G. A new potentiator of red blood cell antigen-antibody reactions. Am J Clin Pathol 1987;87:633–5.
- Wenz B, Apuzzo J. Polyethylene glycol improves the indirect antiglobulin test. Transfusion 1989;29:218–20.
- Lloyd K, Miya F, Hebertson RM, Kochenour NK, Scott JR. Intrapartum fetomaternal bleeding in Rh-negative women. Obstet Gynecol 1980;56:285–8.
- Harrison KL. Fetal cell counting as an evaluation of Rh prophylaxis with antenatally administered anti-Rh O (D) gamma globulin. Transfusion 1977;17:647–9.
- Polesky HF, Sebring ES. Detection of fetal maternal hemorrhage: an evaluation of serological tests related to Rh O (D) immune globulin (human). Transfusion 1971;11:162–5.
- Ness PM. The assessment of fetal-maternal hemorrhage by an enzyme-linked antiglobulin test for Rh immune globulin recipients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;143:788–92.
- Ness PM, Baldwin ML, Niebyl JR. Clinical high-risk designation does not predict excess fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:154–8.
- Greenwalt TJ, Dumaswala UJ, Domino MM. The quantification of fetomaternal hemorrhage by an enzyme-linked antibody test with glutaraldehyde fixation. Vox Sang 1992;63:268–71.
- Greenwalt TJ, Dumaswala UJ, Siongco A, Domino MM. An enzyme-linked antiglobulin test to detect red cell globulins after glutaraldehyde fixation. Vox Sang 1992;63:262–7.
- Greenwalt TJ, Domino MM, Dumaswala UJ. An enzyme-linked antiglobulin test to quantify nanogram quantities of IgG on polystyrene microspheres. Vox Sang 1992;63:272–5.
- Helderweirt G, Sokal G. Identification, by incomplete sera, of erythrocytes present in trace quantities in blood cell mixtures [in French]. Rev Belg Pathol Med Exp 1960;27:146–57.
- Sebring ES, Polesky HF. Rosette test for detection of fetal maternal hemorrhage (letter). Transfusion 1983;23:401–2.
- Taswell HF, Reisner RK. Prevention of Rho hemolytic disease of the newborn: the rosette method—a rapid, sensitive screening test. Mayo Clin Proc 1983;58:342–3.
- Sussman LN. Blood grouping tests: medicolegal uses. Springfield, IL. Thomas, CC, 1968:53.
- Salama A, David M, Wittmann G, Stelzer A, Duden-hausen JW. Use of the gel agglutination technique for determination of fetomaternal hemorrhage. Transfusion 1998;38:177–80.
- David M, Stelzer A, Wittmann G, Dudenhausen JW, Salama A. Gel agglutination test—a new test system for semiquantitative detection of feto-maternal transfusion in Rhesus incompatibility [in German]. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 1999;203:241–5.
- Ben-Haroush A, Belkin A, Chezar J, Orlin J, Hod M, Bar J. Comparison of two techniques of the evaluation of fetomaternal hemorrhage in RhD-negative women: gel agglutination and haemoglobin F determination by flow cytometry. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007;86:821–6.
- Agaylan A, Meyer O, Ahrens N, Dudenhausen J, Bombard S, Salama A. A rapid gel agglutination test for the determination of fetomaternal haemorrhage. Transfus Med 2007;17:395–8.
- Kleihauer E, Braun H, Betke K. Demonstration of fetal hemoglobin in erythrocytes of a blood smear [in German]. Klin Wochenschr 1957;35:367–8.
- Korber E. Cited by H Bischoff. Inaugural Dissertations. Dorpat Ztschr Exp Med 1926;48:472. Cited in package insert, Fetal Hemoglobin Kit 285C, Sigma-Aldrich, revised 2005-01.
- Betke K, Kleihauer E. Fetal and residual hemoglobin in the erythrocytes and erythroblasts of human fetuses and newborn infants [in German]. Blut 1958;4:241–9.
- Kleihauer E, Betke K. Practical use of the demonstration of cells containing hemoglobin F in fixed blood smears. Der Internist 1960;1:292–5.
- Kohne E. 50 years Kleihauer-Betke test. Klin Padiatr 2007;219:252–3.
- Shepard MK, Weatherall DJ, Conley CL. Semi-quantitative estimation of the distribution of fetal hemoglobin in red cell populations. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1962;110:293–310.
- Boyer SH, Belding TK, Margolet M, Noyes AN, Burke PJ, Bell, WR. Variations in the frequency of fetal hemoglobin-bearing erythrocytes (F-cells) in well adults, pregnant women and adult leukemics. Johns Hopkins Med J 1975;137:105–15.
- Cottom DG. Foetal haemoglobin and postmaturity. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 1955;62:945–8.
- Cook CD, Brodie HR, Allen DW. Measurement of fetal hemoglobin in newborn infants; correlation with gestational age and intrauterine hypoxia. Pediatrics 1957;20:272–8.
- Clayton EM, Feldaus WD, Phythyon JM. The demonstration of fetal erythrocytes in the presence of adult red blood cells. Am J Clin Pathol 1963;40:487–90.
- Clayton EM, Robertson JC, Feldhaus WD. Antepartum and postpartum detection of fetal erythrocytes in maternal circulation. Obstet Gynecol 1962;20:608–10.
- Clayton EM, Foster EB, Clayton EP. New stain for fetal erythrocytes in peripheral blood smears. Obstet Gynecol 1970;35:642–5.
- Clayton EM, Birdwell ED, Gregory MG. Fetal cell counting as a guide to prevention of Rh sensitization. Transfusion 1973;13:425–7.
- Cupp JE, Leary JF, Wood JC, Doherty RA. Rare-event analysis methods for detection of fetal red blood cells in maternal blood. Cytometry 1984;5:138–44.
- Medearis AL, Hensleigh PA, Parks DR, Herzenberg LA. Detection of fetal erythrocytes in maternal blood postpartum with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:290–5.
- Ravkin I, Temov V. Automated microscopy system for detection and genetic characterization of fetal nucleated red blood cells on slides. Proc SPIE 1998;3260:180–91.
- Pelikan DM, Mesker WE, Scherjon SA, Kanhai HH, Tanke HJ. Improvement of the Kleihauer-Betke test by automated detection of fetal erythrocytes in maternal blood. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2003;54:1–9.
- Pelikan DM, Scherjon SA, Mesker WE, et al. Quantification of fetomaternal hemorrhage: a comparative study of the manual and automated microscopic Kleihauer-Betke tests and flow cytometry in clinical samples. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:551–7.
- Woodrow JC, Finn R. Transplacental haemorrhage. Br J Haematol 1966;12:297–309.
- Finn R, Clarke CA, Donohoe WT, et al. Experimental studies on the prevention of Rh haemolytic disease. Br Med J 1961;1:1486–90.
- Jones P. Assessment of size of small volume fetomaternal bleeds. A new method of quantification of the Kleihauer technique. Br Med J 1969;2:85–8.
- Howarth DJ, Robinson FM, Williams M, Norfolk DR. A modified Kleihauer technique for the quantification of foetomaternal haemorrhage. Transfus Med 2002;12:373–8.
- Kabat D. An elution procedure for visualization of adult hemoglobins in human blood smears. Blood 1974;43:239–42.
- Itano HA. Solubilities of naturally occurring mixtures of human hemoglobin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1953;47:148–59.
- Creary LE, Ulug P, Menzel S, et al. Genetic variation on chromosome 6 influences F cell levels in healthy individuals of African descent and HbF levels in sickle cell patients. PLoS One 2009;4:e4218.
- Rochette J, Craig JE, Thein Sl. Fetal hemoglobin levels in adults. Blood Rev 1994;8:213–24.
- Garner C, Tatu T, Reittie JE, et al. Genetic influences on F cells and other hematologic variables: a twin heritability study. Blood 2000;95:342–6.
- el-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS, ADar MH, Babae Z. Fetal haemoglobin level—effect of gender, age and haemoglobin disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 1994;135:181–6.
- Popat N, Wood WG, Weatherall DJ, Turnbull AC. Pattern of maternal F-cell production during pregnancy. Lancet 1977;2:377–9.
- James RF, Szumski R, Gillett PG, Schuster J, Gold P. Maternal plasma HbF levels during pregnancy. Oncodev Biol Med 1983;4:239–44.
- Lolis D, Georgiou I, Loizou P, Makrydimas G. High HbF in pregnancy is associated with Xmn I polymorphism at the –158bp of the G gamma-globulin gene. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995;60:153–6.
- Dunn DT, PoDar D, Serjeant BE, Serjeant JR. Fetal haemoglobin and pregnancy in homozygous sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 1989;72:434–8.
- Lee JC, Hayashi RH, Shepard MK. Fetal hemoglobin in women with normal and with hydatidiform molar pregnancy. Am J Hematol 1982;13:131–9.
- Duguid JKM, Bromilow IM. Laboratory measurement of fetomaternal hemorrhage and its clinical relevance. Transfus Med Rev 1999;13:43–8.
- Pembrey ME, Weatherall DJ. Maternal synthesis of haemoglobin F in pregnancy. Br J Haematol 1971;21:355.
- Nance SJ, Nelson JM, Arndt PA, Lam HC, Garratty G. Quantitation of fetal-maternal hemorrhage by flow cytometry. A simple and accurate method. Am J Clin Pathol 1989;91:288–92.
- Van Bockstaele D, Berneman ZN, Muylle L, Cole-Dergent J, Peetermans ME. Flow cytometric analysis of erythrocytic D antigen density profile. Vox Sang 1986;51:40–6.
- Lloyd-Evans P, Kumpel BM, Bromelow I, Austin E, Taylor E. Use of a directly conjugated monoclonal anti-D (BRAD-3) for quantification of fetomaternal hemorrhage by flow cytometry. Transfusion 1996;36:432–7.
- Kumpel BM, MacDonald AP. Quantitation and phenotyping of fetal RBCs in maternal blood by flow cytometry. Transfusion 2003;43:416–17.
- Greiss MA, Armstrong-Isher SS, Perera WS, Brown PM, Urbaniak SJ. Semiautomated data analysis of flow cytometric estimation of fetomaternal hemorrhage in D– women. Transfusion 2002;42:1067–78.
- Nelson M, Popp H, Horky K, Forsyth C, Gibson J. Development of a flow cytometric test for the detection of D-positive fetal cells after fetomaternal hemorrhage and a survey of the prevalence in D-negative women. Immunohematology 1994;10:55–9.
- Bromilow IM, Dugguid JK. Measurement of fetomaternal haemorrhage: a comparative study of three Kleihauer techniques and two flow cytometry methods. Clin Lab Haematol 1997;19:137–42.
- Patton WN, Nicholson GS, Sawers AH, Franklin IM, Ala FA, Simpson AW. Assessment of fetomaternal haemorrhage in mothers with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:728–31.
- Davis BH, Olsen S, Bigelow NC, Chen JC. Detection of fetal red cells in fetomaternal hemorrhage using a fetal hemoglobin monoclonal antibody by flow cytometry. Transfusion 1998;38:749–56.
- Zheng YL, Demaria M, Zhen D, Vadnais TJ, Bianchi DW. Flow sorting of fetal erythroblasts using intracytoplasmic anti-fetal hemoglobin: preliminary observations on maternal samples. Prenat Diagn 1995;15:897–905.
- DeMaria MA, Zheng YL, Zhen D, Weinschenk NM, Vadnais TJ, Bianchi DW. Improved fetal nucleated erythrocyte sorting purity using intracellular anti-fetal hemoglobin and Hoechst 33342. Cytometry 1996;25:37–45.
- Thorpe SJ, Thein SL, Sampietro M, Craig JE, Mahon B, Huehns ER. Immunochemical estimation of haemoglobin types in red blood cells by FACS analysis. Br J Haematol 1994;87:125–32.
- Mollison PL. Quantitation of transplacental haemorrhage. Br Med J 1972;3:115.
- Mundee Y, Bigelow NC, Davis BH, Porter JB. Simplified flow cytometric method for fetal hemoglobin containing red blood cells. Cytometry 2000;42:389–93.
- Nelson M, Zarkos K, Popp H, Gibson J. A flow-cytometric equivalent of the Kleihauer test. Vox Sang 1998;75:234–41.
- Janssen WC, Hoffmann JJ. Evaluation of flow cytometric enumeration of foetal erythrocytes in maternal blood. Clin Lab Haematol 2002;24:89–92.
- Leers MP, Pelikan HM, Salemans TH, Giordano PC, Scharnhorst V. Discriminating fetomaternal hemorrhage from maternal HbF-containing erythrocytes by dual-parameter flow cytometry. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007;134:127–9.
- Fernandes BJ, von Dadelszen P, Fazal I, Bansil N, Ryan G. Flow cytometric assessment of feto-maternal hemorrhage; a comparison with Betke-Kleihauer. Prenat Diagn 2007;27:641–3.
- Porra V, Bernaud J, Gueret P, et al. Identification and quantification of fetal red blood cells in maternal blood by a dual-color flow cytometric method: evaluation of the Fetal Cell Count kit. Transfusion 2007;47:1281–9.
- Radel DJ, Penz CS, Dietz AB, Gastineau DA. A combined flow cytometry-based method for fetomaternal hemorrhage and maternal D. Transfusion 2008;48:1886–91.
- Chen JC, Bigelow N, Davis BH. Proposed flow cytometric reference method for the determination of erythroid F-cell counts. Cytometry 2000;42:239–46.
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Fetal red cell detection: approved guideline. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2001:20.
- Kennedy GA, Shaw R, Just S, et al. Quantification of feto-maternal haemorrhage (FMH) by flow cytometry: anti-fetal haemoglobin labeling potentially underestimates massive FMH in comparison to labelling with anti-D. Transfus Med 2003;13:25–33.
- Dziegel MH, Ole K, Berkowicz A. Massive antenatal fetomaternal hemorrhage: evidence for long-term survival of fetal red blood cells. Transfusion 2005;45:539–44.
- Dziegiel MH, Nielsen LK, Berkowicz A. Detecting fetomaternal hemorrhage by flow cytometry. Curr Opin Hematol 2006;13:490–5.
- Navenot JM, Merghoub T, Ducrocq R, Muller JY, Krishnamoorthy R, Blanchard D. New method for quantitative determination of fetal hemoglobin-containing red blood cells by flow cytometry: application to sickle-cell disease. Cytometry 1998;32:186–90.
- Italia KY, Colah R, Mohanty D. Evaluation of F cells in sickle cell disorders by flow cytometry—comparison with the Kleihauer-Betke’s slide method. Int J Lab Hematol 2007;29:409–14.
- Davis BH. Diagnostic utility of red cell flow cytometric analysis. Clin Lab Med 2001;21:829–40.
- Amoyal I, Fibach E. Flow cytometric analysis of fetal hemoglobin in erythroid precursors of beta-thalassemia. Clin Lab Haematol 2004;26:187–93.
- Sebring ES, Polesky HF. Fetomaternal hemorrhage: incidence, risk factors, time of occurrence, and clinical effects. Transfusion 1990;30:344–57.
- Bowman JM. Hemolytic disease of the newborn. In: Garratty G, ed. Immunobiology of transfusion medicine. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1994:583.
- Turner WA, Fadel HE, Krauss JS. Detection and quantitation of fetomaternal hemorrhage. South Med J 1986;79:571–5.
- Duerbeck NB, Seeds JW. Rhesus immunization in pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1993;48:801–10.
- Mollison PL, Engelfriet CP, Contreras, M, eds. Blood transfusion in clinical medicine. 10th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Inc, 1997:412–13.
- Klein HJ, Anstee D, eds. Mollison’s blood transfusion in clinical medicine. 11th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008:521.
- Ness P, Salamon JL. The failure of postinjection Rh immune globulin titers to detect large fetal-maternal hemorrhages. Am J Clin Pathol 1986;85:604–6.
- Herzenberg LA, Parks D, Sahaf B, Perez O, Roederer M, Herzenberg LA. The history and the future of the fluorescence activated cell sorter and flow cytometry: a view from Stanford. Clin Chem 2002;48:1819–27.
- Finn WG. Beyond gating: capturing the power of flow cytometry. Am J Clin Pathol 2009;131:313–14.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/immunohematology-2019-208 | Journal eISSN: 1930-3955 | Journal ISSN: 0894-203X
Language: English
Page range: 92 - 103
Published on: Mar 14, 2020
Published by: American National Red Cross
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2020 S.G. Sandler, S. Sathiyamoorthy, published by American National Red Cross
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License.