Figure 1:
Server node schematic. The RF transceiver is used for UWC, while the Wi-Fi module is used for communication with the server.
Figure 2:
Terminal node schematic. The temperature sensor is used to collect data to be sent of the server.
Figure 3:
Solar charging circuit connection. The circuit is used to self-power the underwater node.
Figure 4:
(A) Printed circuit board used in combing RF modem, (B) modem final form showing the antenna, the temperature sensor, and the solar cell.
Figure 5:
Wireless sensor network configuration for the normal mode.
Figure 6:
Wireless sensor network configuration for the handover mode.
Figure 7:
ThingSpeak platform visualization for temperature measurements under normal mode.
Figure 8:
Throughput vs. depth in normal mode and handover mode.
Table B1.
Cost analysis for sever modem.
| Components | No. of components | Cost per component (EGP) | Cost (EGP) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diodes | 1 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
| T blocks | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Arduino Nano | 1 | 90 | 90 |
| RF Tx/Rx pair | 1 | 120 | 120 |
| Wi-Fi Module (ESP8266) | 1 | 35 | 35 |
| DC–DC | 1 | 65 | 65 |
| Lithium battery charger module | 1 | 35 | 35 |
| Battery | 1 | 50 | 50 |
| Battery holder | 1 | 10 | 10 |
| PCB Implementation | 1 | 100 | 100 |
| Total | 509.75 (about $33) | ||
Table B2.
Cost analysis for underwater terminal modem.
| Components | No. of components | Cost per component (EGP) | Cost (EGP) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diodes | 1 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
| T blocks | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Arduino Nano | 1 | 90 | 90 |
| RF Tx/Rx pair | 1 | 120 | 120 |
| Waterproof temperature sensor | 1 | 60 | 60 |
| DC–DC | 1 | 65 | 65 |
| Lithium battery charger module | 1 | 35 | 35 |
| Battery | 1 | 50 | 50 |
| Battery holder | 1 | 10 | 10 |
| PCB implementation | 1 | 100 | 100 |
| Resistors | 1 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| Total | 535 (about $34) | ||
Table B3.
Cost analysis for the overall system.
| Components | No. of components | Cost per component (EGP) | Cost (EGP) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diodes | 3 | 0.75 | 2.25 |
| T blocks | 6 | 2 | 12 |
| Arduino Nano | 3 | 90 | 270 |
| RF Tx/Rx pair | 2 | 120 | 240 |
| Waterproof temperature sensor | 2 | 60 | 120 |
| Wi-Fi module (ESP8266) | 1 | 60 | 60 |
| DC–DC | 3 | 65 | 195 |
| Lithium battery charger module | 3 | 35 | 103 |
| Battery | 3 | 50 | 150 |
| Battery holder | 3 | 10 | 30 |
| PCB implementation | 3 | 100 | 300 |
| Resistors | 4 | 0.25 | 1 |
| Water tank | 1 | 2000 | 2000 |
| Tank requirements | 1 | 600 | 600 |
| Total | 4083 (about $260) | ||